Mac OS X编程进阶指南

Advanced.Mac.OS.X.Programming

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"Advanced Mac OS X Programming (3rd, 2011) 由 Mark Dalrymple 编写的书籍" 这本书《Advanced Mac OS X Programming》是 Mark Dalrymple 的作品，它属于"Advanced Mac OS X Programming"系列，旨在为开发者提供深入的Mac OS X操作系统编程知识。作为"The Big Nerd Ranch Guide"的一部分，本书旨在通过实践指导来帮助读者掌握高级的Mac OS X编程技巧。书中详细介绍了如何在Mac OS X环境下进行开发，涵盖了各种关键主题，如Cocoa框架、Objective-C编程语言、内存管理、多线程、事件处理、图形用户界面（GUI）设计、系统集成、文件系统管理、网络编程以及性能优化等。这些内容对于想要提升Mac应用开发能力的程序员来说至关重要。 Objective-C是Mac OS X平台的主要编程语言，书中会深入讲解其语法特性、消息传递机制以及如何使用Foundation和AppKit框架来构建应用程序。此外，还会涉及Cocoa编程，这是Apple的面向对象的开发框架，用于创建原生Mac应用。内存管理是另一个重点，包括理解引用计数和ARC（Automatic Reference Counting），这是Objective-C中的自动内存管理技术。作者会解释如何有效地管理内存，避免内存泄漏，以及在多线程环境中处理内存问题。书中还可能涵盖多线程编程，如何在Mac OS X中创建和管理线程，以及线程间通信的策略。同时，事件驱动编程也是重要的部分，讲述了如何响应用户的交互以及系统事件。图形用户界面的设计和实现也是内容之一，书中可能包括Interface Builder的使用，用于可视化地构建GUI，并与代码集成。此外，可能还会涉及 Quartz 2D 和 Core Animation 技术，用于创建复杂的图形和动画效果。在系统集成方面，读者将学习如何与其他软件和服务进行交互，例如利用AppleScript进行脚本化操作，或者通过 Bonjour 进行网络服务发现。文件系统管理和网络编程章节可能会涵盖文件的读写、套接字通信、HTTP和FTP协议，以及如何利用Cocoa的网络框架（如CFNetwork和NSURLConnection）来处理网络请求。最后，性能优化部分将指导读者如何通过分析和调试工具（如Instruments）来识别和解决性能瓶颈，提高应用的运行效率。《Advanced Mac OS X Programming》是一本全面的指南，适合那些已经有一定Objective-C基础，希望深入理解Mac OS X平台开发的程序员。通过这本书，读者可以提升自己的技能，开发出更加高效、稳定且用户体验优秀的Mac应用。

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A d v a n c e d M a c O S X P r o g r a m m i n g

xiii

Bitmap ........................................................................................................ 543

BitmapView ................................................................................................. 544

CalcOperation ............................................................................................... 546

MandelOpperAppDelegate .............................................................................. 549

NSBlockOperation ......................................................................................... 551

Complex-Lifetime Operations .................................................................................. 553

KVO properties ............................................................................................. 554

ImageSnarfer ........................................................................................................ 555

ImageCanvas ................................................................................................ 556

SnarfOperation .............................................................................................. 558

NSURLConnection delegate methods ................................................................ 561

ImageSnarferAppDelegate ............................................................................... 562

Mop-up ....................................................................................................... 565

Exercises ............................................................................................................. 566

22. Grand Central Dispatch ............................................................................................. 569

GCD Terminology ................................................................................................. 571

Queues ................................................................................................................ 571

Object-Oriented Design .......................................................................................... 573

Dispatch API ....................................................................................................... 574

Queues ........................................................................................................ 574

Dispatching .................................................................................................. 575

Memory management ..................................................................................... 575

W o r d C o u n t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 6

Iteration ............................................................................................................... 581

Safe Global Initialization ........................................................................................ 582

T i m e , T i m e , T i m e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 3

Dispatch Groups ................................................................................................... 584

Dispatch Sources ................................................................................................... 586

Signal sources ............................................................................................... 588

File read source ............................................................................................ 589

File write source ........................................................................................... 590

T i m e r s o u r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 0

Custom sources ............................................................................................. 591

Under the Hood ............................................................................................ 591

Semaphores .......................................................................................................... 591

GCD or NSOperation? ........................................................................................... 592

F o r t h e M o r e C u r i o u s : S y n c h r o n i z i n g Ta s k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 3

F o r t h e M o r e C u r i o u s : T h e d i s p a t c h _ d e b u g ( ) F u n c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 3

Exercises ............................................................................................................. 594

23. Accessing the Keychain ............................................................................................ 597

Items and Attribute Lists ........................................................................................ 598

Searching for Items ............................................................................................... 600

Reading Data From an Item .................................................................................... 602

Editing the Keychain ............................................................................................. 604

Getting Specific Keychains ..................................................................................... 605

K e y c h a i n A c c e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 5

Making a New Keychain Item ................................................................................. 608

Convenience Functions ........................................................................................... 610

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xvii

Introduction

Mac OS X: Built to Evolve

Complex systems come into existence in only two ways: through careful planning or through

e v o l u t i o n . A n a i r p o r t i s a n e x a m p l e o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t i s p l a n n e d c a r e f u l l y b e f o r e h a n d , b u i l t , a n d t h e n

undergoes only minor changes for the rest of its existence. Complex organisms (like humans) are an

e x a m p l e o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t h a s e v o l v e d c o n t i n u a l l y f r o m s o m e t h i n g s i m p l e . I n t h e e n d , o r g a n i s m s t h a t

are well suited to evolution will always win out over organisms that are less suited to evolve.

An operating system evolves. Of course, the programmer who creates a new operating system designs

it carefully, but in the end, an operating system that is well suited to evolution will replace an operating

system that is not. It is, then, an interesting exercise to think about what traits make an operating

system capable of evolution.

The first version of Unix was developed by Ken Thompson at Bell Laboratories in 1969. It was

written in assembly language to run on a PDP-7. Dennis Ritchie, also at Bell Labs, invented the C

programming language. Among computer languages, C is pretty low level, but it is still much more

portable than assembly language. Together, Thompson and Ritchie completely rewrote Unix in C. By

1978, Unix was running on several different architectures. Portability, then, was the first indication that

Unix is well suited to evolution.

In 1976, Bell Labs began giving the source code for Unix to research facilities. The Computer Systems

Research Group at UC Berkeley got a copy and began tinkering with it. The design of Unix was

e x c e e d i n g l y e l e g a n t a n d a p e r f e c t p l a t f o r m u p o n w h i c h t o b u i l d t w o i m p o r t a n t t e c h n o l o g i e s : v i r t u a l

memory and TCP/IP networking. By freely distributing the source code, Bell Labs was inviting people

to extend Unix. Extensibility was the second indication that Unix is well suited to evolution.

4.4BSD was the last release of Unix produced by Berkeley. It was used as the basis for FreeBSD,

OpenBSD, NetBSD, and MacOSX. Today, Unix is used as an operating system for cellular phones

and supercomputers. It is the most popular operating system for web servers, mail servers, and

engineering workstations. The manner in which it has found a home in so many niches is yet another

indication that Unix is capable of evolving.

MacOSX is based upon a hybrid of Mach and 4.4BSD, but notice that this new niche, a desktop

operating system that your grandmother will love as well as a mobile device operating system that your

kids will love, is very different from Unix’s previous purposes. To reach this goal, Apple has made

several important additions to its Unix core.

The Unix part of MacOSX is called Darwin. The large additions to Darwin that Apple has made are

known as the core technologies. Apple, recognizing that Unix must continue to evolve, has released the

source code to Darwin and most of the core technologies.

This Book

My thought is that things shouldn’t be “magic” in your field of expertise. I don’t

e x p e c t s o m e o n e t o i m p l e m e n t a c o m p i l e r o r o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m , b u t t h e y s h o u l d n ’ t b e

mystical black boxes.

—Paul Kim, Chief Noodler, Noodlesoft

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