POSIX标准详解：UNIX开发关键指南

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"POSIX标准是UNIX开发的重要参考，是一份包含接近4000页的详细规范，全面覆盖了操作系统接口。这份标准由IEEEStd1003.1-2008修订版（Issue 7）定义，是IEEE与The Open Group共同赞助的 Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Base Specifications。" POSIX（可移植操作系统接口）标准是针对信息技术而设定的一系列接口标准，旨在促进不同Unix系统间的兼容性和互操作性。它由IEEE（电气和电子工程师协会）和The Open Group共同维护，是UNIX开发者不可或缺的参考资料。这个标准详细规定了操作系统应该提供哪些接口，包括命令解释器（也被称为“shell”）以及一系列的系统调用、函数库和工具，使得软件开发者可以编写跨平台的代码。 POSIX.1-2008是这一标准的核心部分，包含了基础规范，也就是Issue 7。这个版本对2004年的IEEE Std 1003.1进行了修订，确保了标准的最新性和适用性。标准的主要目标是提供一个统一的操作系统环境，使应用程序能在符合POSIX标准的不同操作系统上运行，而无需进行大量修改。这样，开发者可以创建出能够在各种UNIX-like系统中工作的软件，从而提高了软件的可移植性和互操作性。标准的具体内容包括： 1. **命令行接口**：定义了一种标准的命令行界面，包括命令语法、重定向和管道等功能。 2. **Shell**：规定了bash或其他兼容的shell的行为，如怎样解析命令行、执行程序以及处理输入/输出流。 3. **系统调用和函数库**：定义了一组必须提供的系统调用，如open(), read(), write(), fork(), execve()等，以及C语言标准库中的函数，如stdio, string, math等。 4. **文件系统接口**：规定了文件系统的布局和文件操作的标准。 5. **进程和线程管理**：定义了进程和线程的创建、同步、通信和控制机制。 6. **网络编程接口**：提供了套接字API，支持TCP/IP和其他网络协议。 7. **错误处理和诊断**：制定了错误代码和诊断消息的标准。 POSIX标准的实施促进了操作系统之间的兼容性，使得开发者可以构建在多个平台上运行的软件，而不仅仅是特定的UNIX系统。它对于开源操作系统如Linux以及商业UNIX系统如Solaris、AIX和HP-UX等都有着深远的影响。此外，POSIX也对Windows系统产生了影响，例如通过Microsoft的MSVCRT库实现部分POSIX兼容性。理解并遵循POSIX标准是开发跨平台软件、尤其是与UNIX系统相关的软件时的关键，它为软件的移植性提供了坚实的基础，并推动了操作系统和应用软件的标准化。

The Open Group

When The Open Group approved the Base Specifications, Issue 7 on 24 July 2008, the membership of the Base Working

Group was as follows:

Andrew Josey, Chair

Mark S. Brown, Vice Chair and Austin Group Liaison

Cathy Fox, Technical Editor

Base Working Group Members

Basabi Bhattacharya Donald W. Cragun Robbin Kawabata

Mark S. Brown Ulrich Drepper Craig Mohrman

David Butenhof Lawrence D.K.B. Dwyer Nicholas Stoughton

April Chin Cynthia Eastham William L. Toth

Geoff Clare Roger Faulkner Kenjiro Tsuji

David N. Clissold Carol Fields Kevin Van Vechten

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Contents

Volume 1 Base Deﬁnitions, Issue 7............................................................. 1

Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................... 3

1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Conformance............................................................................................ 4

1.3 Normative References ............................................................................ 4

1.4 Change History ....................................................................................... 5

1.5 Terminology ............................................................................................. 5

1.6 Deﬁnitions and Concepts....................................................................... 6

1.7 Portability................................................................................................. 6

1.7.1 Codes ..................................................................................................... 7

1.7.2 Margin Code Notation ........................................................................ 13

Chapter 2 Conformance......................................................................................... 15

2.1 Implementation Conformance .............................................................. 15

2.1.1 Requirements ........................................................................................ 15

2.1.2 Documentation ..................................................................................... 16

2.1.3 POSIX Conformance ............................................................................ 16

2.1.4 XSI Conformance ................................................................................. 19

2.1.5 Option Groups ...................................................................................... 20

2.1.6 Options .................................................................................................. 26

2.2 Application Conformance ...................................................................... 29

2.2.1 Strictly Conforming POSIX Application........................................... 29

2.2.2 Conforming POSIX Application ........................................................ 30

2.2.3 Conforming POSIX Application Using Extensions......................... 30

2.2.4 Strictly Conforming XSI Application ................................................ 30

2.2.5 Conforming XSI Application Using Extensions .............................. 31

2.3 Language-Dependent Services for the C Programming

Language .................................................................................................. 31

2.4 Other Language-Related Speciﬁcations............................................... 31

Chapter 3 Deﬁnitions.............................................................................................. 33

3.1 Abortive Release ...................................................................................... 33

3.2 Absolute Pathname ................................................................................. 33

3.3 Access Mode ............................................................................................ 33

3.4 Additional File Access Control Mechanism........................................ 33

3.5 Address Space.......................................................................................... 33

3.6 Advisory Information ............................................................................. 34

3.7 Afﬁrmative Response ............................................................................. 34

3.8 Alert .......................................................................................................... 34

3.9 Alert Character (<alert>)........................................................................ 34

3.10 Alias Name ............................................................................................... 34

3.11Alignment ................................................................................................ 35

3.12 Alternate File Access Control Mechanism .......................................... 35

Contents

3.13 Alternate Signal Stack............................................................................. 35

3.14 Ancillary Data .......................................................................................... 35

3.15 Angle Brackets ......................................................................................... 35

3.16 Apostrophe Character (<apostrophe>) ................................................ 35

3.17 Application............................................................................................... 35

3.18 Application Address ............................................................................... 36

3.19 Application Program Interface (API)................................................... 36

3.20 Appropriate Privileges........................................................................... 36

3.21 Argument ................................................................................................. 36

3.22 Arm (a Timer) .......................................................................................... 36

3.23 Asterisk Character (<asterisk>) ............................................................ 36

3.24 Async-Cancel-Safe Function .................................................................. 36

3.25 Asynchronous Events............................................................................. 37

3.26 Asynchronous Input and Output ......................................................... 37

3.27 Async-Signal-Safe Function ................................................................... 37

3.28 Asynchronously-Generated Signal....................................................... 37

3.29 Asynchronous I/O Completion............................................................ 37

3.30 Asynchronous I/O Operation............................................................... 37

3.31 Authentication......................................................................................... 37

3.32 Authorization .......................................................................................... 38

3.33 Background Job ....................................................................................... 38

3.34 Background Process ................................................................................ 38

3.35 Background Process Group (or Background Job)............................... 38

3.36 Backquote Character ............................................................................... 38

3.37 Backslash Character (<backslash>) ...................................................... 38

3.38 Backspace Character (<backspace>) .................................................... 38

3.39 Barrier ....................................................................................................... 39

3.40 Basename.................................................................................................. 39

3.41 Basic Regular Expression (BRE)............................................................ 39

3.42 Batch Access List ..................................................................................... 39

3.43 Batch Administrator ............................................................................... 39

3.44 Batch Client .............................................................................................. 39

3.45 Batch Destination .................................................................................... 40

3.46 Batch Destination Identiﬁer................................................................... 40

3.47 Batch Directive ......................................................................................... 40

3.48 Batch Job ................................................................................................... 40

3.49 Batch Job Attribute.................................................................................. 40

3.50 Batch Job Identiﬁer.................................................................................. 40

3.51 Batch Job Name ....................................................................................... 41

3.52 Batch Job Owner...................................................................................... 41

3.53 Batch Job Priority .................................................................................... 41

3.54 Batch Job State ......................................................................................... 41

3.55 Batch Name Service ................................................................................ 41

3.56 Batch Name Space................................................................................... 41

3.57 Batch Node ............................................................................................... 42

3.58 Batch Operator ......................................................................................... 42

3.59 Batch Queue ............................................................................................. 42

3.60 Batch Queue Attribute............................................................................ 42

3.61 Batch Queue Position ............................................................................. 42

3.62 Batch Queue Priority .............................................................................. 42

3.63 Batch Rerunability ................................................................................... 43

3.64 Batch Restart ............................................................................................ 43

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