动态系统模拟：探索建模与分布式仿真
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"《Modelling and Simulation_ Exploring Dynamic System Behaviour》是一本专注于建模与模拟动态系统行为的教材，作者Richard M. Fujimoto博士来自乔治亚理工学院。书中包含大量的代码实例，旨在帮助读者理解和应用平行及分布式模拟系统。本书是Wiley Series on Parallel and Distributed Computing系列的一部分，由Albert Y. Zomaya编辑。"
在现代信息技术领域，建模和模拟是理解和预测复杂系统行为的重要工具。动态系统，如计算机网络、分布式计算环境、物流系统、金融市场等，其行为往往难以通过直觉或简单的数学分析来完全理解。此时，建模和模拟就显得尤为关键。
建模是将现实世界的问题转化为数学或逻辑形式的过程，它可以抽象出系统的关键特征并忽略不重要的细节。在动态系统中，建模通常涉及离散事件模拟（Discrete Event Simulation, DES）或连续时间模拟（Continuous Time Simulation）。离散事件模拟关注系统中的独立事件，而连续时间模拟则处理随着时间连续变化的状态。
分布式和并行模拟是处理大规模复杂系统的关键技术。Richard M. Fujimoto的书深入探讨了这些主题，讲解如何在并行和分布式环境中进行有效的模拟。并行模拟允许同时处理多个事件或任务，显著提高了模拟的速度和效率，特别是在处理大量数据和计算密集型问题时。分布式模拟则涉及多个计算节点协作完成一个模拟任务，这种技术在处理地理上分散或网络化系统时特别有用。
书中提供的代码实例对于学习和实践这些概念至关重要。通过实际操作，读者可以更好地掌握如何构建和运行模拟，以及如何分析和解释结果。这些实例可能涵盖多种编程语言，如C++、Java或Python，涵盖了各种模拟库和框架的使用。
此外，这本书还可能涵盖了版权和许可的信息，强调未经许可不得复制或分发内容，除非符合美国1976年版权法第107或108节的规定，或者通过支付适当的副本费用获得了授权。
《Modelling and Simulation_ Exploring Dynamic System Behaviour》为读者提供了一个深入理解动态系统行为的平台，通过并行和分布式模拟技术，使读者能够处理复杂的计算挑战，并在实践中提升自己的技能。无论是学生、研究人员还是工程专业人士，都能从这本书中获益匪浅。
10
BACKGROUND AND APPLICATIONS
1.4 APPLICATIONS
11
success
of
the SIMNET experiment has had far-reaching effects throughout the
defense modeling and simulation community in the United States. SIMNET was
replaced by what came to be known
as
Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS)
where standards were defined
to
support interoperability among autonomous training
simulators in geographically distributed simulation environments.
A second major development springing from SIMNET was the Aggregate Level
Simulation Protocol (ALSP) work that applied the SIMNET concept
of
interoper-
ability
to
war game simulations. ALSP enabled war game simulations from the
Army, Air Force, and Navy, for example,
to
be brought together in a single exercise
to analyze joint military operations. ALSP used synchronization protocols discussed
earlier for analytic simulations; it represents perhaps the most extensive application
of
that technology
to
date. Work in the ALSP community proceeded concurrently
with work in the DIS community that was focused primarily (though not exclusively)
on training.
The next major milestone in the evolution
of
this technology was the develop-
ment
of
the High Level Architecture (HLA) which began in
1995
and resulted in the
so-called
baseline definition in August 1996. HLA
is
important for several reasons.
From a practical standpoint, HLA was mandated in September 1996
as
the standard
architecture for all modeling and simulation activities in the Department
of
Defense
in the United States. All DoD simulations are required to become
HLA compliant (or
obtain approval for an exception
to
this requirement) by 1999. From a technical
standpoint, HLA
is
important because it provides a single architecture that spans
both analytic and virtual environment simulations. In some respects it can be viewed
as
a merging
of
DIS and ALSP into a single architecture. Prior to the HLA effort,
work in the paralleljdistributed analytic simulation community and the distributed
virtual environment communities proceeded largely independent
of
each other. HLA
was a landmark effort in that it began integrating these technologies in a significant
way.
At the time
of
this writing, the initial baseline definition
of
the HLA and its
realization in prototype versions
of
the Runtime Infrastructure (RTI) have been
completed and standardization activities are in progress. Migration
of
DIS standards
to
the HLA
is
also under
way.
1.3.3 Interactive Gaming and Internet Communities
A second major thread
of
activity in distributed virtual environments for nonmilitary
applications grew from the interactive gaming and Internet communities. Just
as
defense simulations originated from "platform-level" simulators for tanks and
aircraft, nonmilitary
DVE
work originated in "immersive" games such
as
Adventure
and Dungeons and Dragons. Adventure was a fantasy computer game created at
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in California in the mid-1970s. In it a
user/player explored a rich computer-generated fantasy world, most
of
which was
underground in a maze
of
caves and hidden passage ways. Adventure was a text-
based game where users typed short phrases
to
describe their actions (for example,
"move up"), and were given word descriptions
of
objects and rooms they
encountered in their journey. This fantasy world was complete with a rich variety
of
hidden treasures and a wide assortment
of
other computer-generated creatures,
both friend and foe, that could help or hinder the player from finding and obtaining
the treasures. A skilled player could slay harmful adversaries such
as
dragons with
various weapons, such
as
swords and magic potions giving the partaker special
abilities for a limited amount
of
time. These weapons could be found in different
areas
of
the virtual world. Adventure was developed in the 1970s and 1980s before
powerful personal computers were widely available.
Yet
despite the limited interac-
tion allowed by a text-oriented program, it was a very popular game among the
college students who were lucky enough
to
have computer access. Computer and
video games
of
this nature continue to thrive today, greatly enhanced with audio
effects and computer graphics.
Adventure was a
single-player game. A second, key ingredient in the develop-
ment
of
DVEs was the introduction
of
multiple players
to
the virtual world. Though
not initially computerized, the popular game
of
Dungeons and Dragons, also from
the mid-1970s,
is
credited with being the catalyst for this development. This was a
pencil and paper role-playing game where players gathered to play out roles
as
knights and sorcerers in a made-up world created by one
of
the players, referred to
as
the dungeon master. The actual environment could be
as
simple
as
a written
description
of
the various portions
of
the virtual world, or
as
elaborate
as
scale
models.
Computer-generated fantasy games and multiple users/players came together in
the early 1980s with the MultiUser Dungeon (MUD) game developed at the
University
of
Essex in England.
Today,
the term MUD
is
associated with multiplayer
games
of
this sort in general,
as
opposed
to
any particular game. Further the
applications for DVEs extend far beyond games, and a substantial amount
of
work
has been geared toward nongaming applications.
In addition
to
computer-generated virtual worlds and the inclusion
of
multiple
players, a third critical ingredient in the development
of
DVEs was the unprece-
dented expansion and growth
of
the worldwide network
of
computer networks
known
as
the Internet. With the Internet a virtual environment can support multiple
users who may be scattered around the globe. Multiplayer games with geographi-
cally distributed players are flourishing in the 1990s, despite limited bandwidth (for
example modem lines with
as
little
as
9600 bits per second) and relatively high
network latencies. Continued increases in modem bandwidth (at the time
of
this
writing in the late 1990s,
50
Kbits/second modems are becoming widely available)
and megabit per second bandwidths (for example, via cable modems or other
technologies) are on their
way.
The communication bottlenecks that have hitherto
restricted widespread use
of
distributed virtual environments may be a thing
of
the
past.
1.4 APPLICATIONS
With the above historical context,
we
now survey some
of
the applications where
parallel and distributed simulation technologies have been applied. While far from
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