TCP/IP协议详解：可靠传输与网络通信技术

需积分: 10 10 浏览量更新于2024-09-14 收藏 193KB PDF 举报

"TCP/IP协议详解文档" 在计算机网络中，TCP/IP协议是互联网通信的基础，它定义了不同设备间如何交换数据。这份文档主要涵盖了TCP/IP协议的基本概念和技术细节。 **TCP (传输控制协议)** TCP是面向连接的协议，确保了数据的可靠传输和有序到达。在两个计算机之间建立连接后，类似于电话通话建立的连接，一旦连接建立，数据可以从一端传送到另一端。TCP连接是全双工的，允许两台计算机同时发送和接收数据。 TCP采用分组数据传输方式，即将数据分割成多个小的数据包（称为TCP段）进行发送。每个包都包含源和目标地址以及一个序列号，用于在接收端重新组装数据，确保数据的正确顺序。此外，TCP还具有错误检测和纠正机制，如校验和，以及流量控制和拥塞控制策略，以避免网络拥塞并确保数据有效传输。 **IP (互联网协议)** IP是无连接的网络层协议，负责将TCP段或UDP数据报从一台主机传送到另一台主机。IP地址是网络上设备的唯一标识，由32位二进制数表示，通常以点分十进制形式表示（例如：192.168.1.1）。IP协议处理数据包的路由，通过路由器将数据包从源地址转发到目的地址。 **UDP (用户数据报协议)** 与TCP不同，UDP是一个无连接、不可靠的协议，它不保证数据的顺序或完整性。UDP适用于对实时性要求高但可以容忍数据丢失的应用，如音频和视频流媒体。虽然UDP没有TCP的连接建立、流量控制和错误恢复机制，但它提供更低的延迟和更高的效率。 **ICMP (互联网控制消息协议)** ICMP是网络层协议，主要用于网络诊断和错误报告。例如，当你尝试访问的网站无法打开时，你的计算机可能会收到一个ICMP“目标不可达”消息。ICMP还可以用于测量网络延迟（ping命令）和检测网络路径问题。 **总结** TCP/IP协议族是构建和维护互联网的关键组件，包括TCP、IP、UDP和ICMP等核心协议。理解这些协议的工作原理对于网络通信和网络故障排查至关重要。在实际应用中，开发者会根据需求选择适合的协议，以实现高效、可靠的网络服务。

TCP/IP Page 1 of 5

TCP/IP

INTRODUCTION

The internet uses a variety of technologies to provide

end-to-end communication between applications on

different computers. Most applications use Transport

Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). Some

applications use User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). All of these

protocols use local network technologies such as

ethernet and dial up modems. This lesson will explain

many of the technical aspects of these communication

technologies.

PREREQUISITES

Home Networking

TRANSMISSION CONTROL

PROTOCOL (TCP)

TCP provides reliable, in-order delivery between two

computers. TCP is a connected protocol, which means

that TCP establishes a link between two computers,

similar to the way that a telephone establishes a link

between two people. Once the connection is established,

any data that's put in one end of the connection comes

out the other end of the connection. Like a telephone,

TCP connections are full-duplex, meaning that both

computers can send data and both will receive data sent

by the other computer.

TCP is a packet data protocol. This means that the TCP

module breaks incoming data into small chunks, called

packets (actually, TCP packets are called “segments”).

The maximum size of a TCP segment can be adjusted by

the TCP module, but must be less than 65536 bytes. The

TCP module adds a 20 byte header to the beginning of

each segment (see Figure 1), then passes this TCP

segment to the IP module for transmission.

Before an application can communicate using TCP, the

TCP module must create a connection. First, TCP

creates a socket on each computer. A socket is the end

point of a TCP connection and consists of an IP address

and a port number. Generally, port numbers correspond

to applications or services – the /etc/services file lists

valid services and their port numbers. Typically, a server

application, such as a web server, will instruct the TCP

module to create a listening socket. A listening socket

waits for another computer to contact it. A client

application, such as a web browser, creates a socket and

instructs the TCP module to connect its socket to the

listening socket on the server.

Once the sockets have been created, TCP uses a three

way handshake mechanism to establish the connection,

as shown in Figure 2. First the client socket sends a TCP

segment to the target socket with SYN set to 1, ACK set

to 0, and some number (say “x”) in the sequence field. If

the target socket is listening and intends to accept the

connection, it replies to the originating socket with a

TCP segment containing SYN set to 1, ACK set to 1,

Acknowledgement number set to x+1, and sequence

number set to some number (say “y”). Finally, the client

should confirm the connection with a TCP segment

Figure 2: TCP Connection



32 bits





8 bits



> <



8 bits



> <



8 bits



> <



8 bits



Source Port Destination Port

Sequence Number

Acknowledgement Number

Header

ngth

Window Size

Checksum Urgent Pointer

Options (0 or more words)

Figure 1: TCP Header

下载后可阅读完整内容，剩余4页未读，立即下载

linhan166

粉丝: 0
资源: 4

TCP/IP协议详解：可靠传输与网络通信技术

Windows环境下TCP／IP协议的配置,TCP／IP诊断

microchip TCP/IP协议栈应用笔记V3.6

实训(2)Windows环境下TCP／IP协议的配置,TCP／IP诊断.pdf

tcp/ip协议和tcp/ip栈有什么区别

tcp/ip自由协议如何转换成标准的modbus tcp/ip协议

什么是TCP/IP协议？请简要介绍一下TCP/IP协议的工作原理

tcp/ip协议安装包

tcp/ip协议特点

TCP/IP协议详细解释

计算机网络tcp/ip协议

最新资源