O'Reilly Linux资源大全：系统管理员必读

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《Linux系统管理》是一本专业的电子书籍，涵盖了Linux和Unix及相关技术的深度知识。该书不仅提供系统管理员所需的核心概念和实践指导，还包括DNS和BIND的配置管理、Linux In a Nutshell（Linux快速指南）等深入浅出的内容，让读者能够迅速上手。Linux iptables Pocket Reference则是针对网络管理员的实用手册，帮助他们理解并应用防火墙规则。 Linux Pocket Guide和Linux Network Administrator's Guide是为那些希望深入了解网络管理和服务器运维的读者准备的实用指南，提供了详尽的操作和故障排除指南。对于获得LPI（Linux Professional Institute）认证的学习者，Running Linux这本书是不可或缺的资源，它涵盖了认证考试所需的基础和高级知识。 LPILinux Certification in a Nutshell是一本精炼的认证复习书籍，适合考生在备考过程中查阅和巩固。Linux Server Hacks™集成了许多服务器优化和效率提升的实用技巧，而Linux Security Cookbook™则聚焦于系统的安全防护策略，是保障网络安全的重要参考。此外，O'Reilly出版社是Linux和开源技术领域的重要资源中心，他们的网站linux.oreilly.com提供了丰富的书籍样本和代码示例，方便读者预览和学习。ONLamp.com是开源Web平台的核心社区，涵盖了Linux、Apache、MySQL以及Perl、Python或PHP等技术，为开发者提供了最新的工具和系统介绍。对于持续学习和专业知识更新的IT专业人士，O'Reilly举办的各类会议是一个交流创新理念和获取最新技能的绝佳平台。通过conferences.oreilly.com，参会者可以了解到即将到来的前沿技术和解决方案。最后，Safari Bookshelf作为在线编程和IT专业人员的权威参考库，提供了超过1000本书的搜索服务，订阅者可以在其中查找和学习关于Linux系统管理的深入资料，进行一站式学习。《Linux系统管理》这本书集合了丰富的技术细节和实践经验，适合从初学者到专业人员不同层次的需求，同时结合了O'Reilly的教育资源和在线社区支持，构成了一个完整的Linux技术学习生态系统。

Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1

Requirements for a Linux

System Administrator

We like Linux. Of all the Unix and Unix-like systems we’ve used, many now forgot-

ten,

Linux is our favorite. It’s an excellent server platform, a good desktop, and the

center of much innovation in the current computing world.

Linux probably has the broadest reach of any operating system, from tiny systems

the size of phone jacks, to cell phones, to supercomputer clusters bigger than your

high school. It has infiltrated the fields of telecommunications, embedded systems,

satellites, medical equipment, military systems, computer graphics, and—last but

not least—desktop computing.

In a relatively short time, Linux progressed from a Finnish hacker’s hobby to a top-

tier enterprise-level system backed by high rollers such as IBM and Oracle. The user

base has grown from about 30,000 people in 1995 to hundreds of millions today.

During the Internet boom of the 1990s, many Unix administrators were surprised

to find that Linux on PC hardware could outperform more expensive Unix work-

stations and servers. Many Windows and Novell administrators saw that Linux

could handle DNS, email, and file services more reliably and with less support per-

sonnel than their current platforms. The growth of the Internet, and especially the

Web, fueled a rapid expansion in the use of Linux servers and the need for people

to manage them.

This book is for Linux system administrators. However, you may be a grizzled Unix

veteran, a brave MCSE, or a stoic mainframer. You’re exploring new territory and

need a map and compass. Some of the ground will be familiar, but some will be terra

incognita. This book covers many topics that have only recently joined the main-

stream, for instance load-balanced clusters and virtualization.

The success of the Internet and open source software is changing business. Google,

Amazon, eBay, and others have built huge server farms with commodity hardware and

relatively few administrators compared to traditional mainframe and PC installations.

* Our favorite name was PNX, pronounced almost like something that would never appear in an O’Reilly

book.

www.it-ebooks.info

Chapter 1: Requirements for a Linux System Administrator

The skills needed to develop and maintain such distributed systems and applications

are not taught in schools but learned from experience, sometimes bitter and some-

times sweet.

While writing this book we’ve constantly tested the latest distribu-

tions and tools, and we’ll keep up our experimentation after the book

is released. We invite readers to come to the test site we set up for the

book, http://www.centralsoft.org, where we’ll publish updates to exam-

ples, pointers to useful new tools we’ve discovered, and other tips.

About This Book

System administration books used to be fairly predictable. They showed you how to

manage users, filesystems, devices, processes, printers, networks, and so on. They

did not tell you what to do when new problems emerged. If your web site became

popular, you had to learn quickly about proxy servers, different levels of caching,

load balancing, distributed authentication, and other complex issues. If you added a

database, you soon needed to scale it and learn to avoid SQL injection attacks. Over-

night, sites became mission critical, and you needed the ability to make hot backups

on 24 × 7 systems.

If you’ve been through these fire drills, you may have become tired of doing every-

thing the hard way, facing new technical challenges nearly every day with few

sources of help. Technical documentation—whether for commercial or open source

software—rarely keeps up with the technology, and the gap seems to be widening.

For example, open source directory servers have become important for managing

computers, users, and resources. The original RFC-compliant protocols underlie

many commercial products, but good documentation for community projects is sur-

prisingly scarce.

How Can We Help?

Linux people are problem solvers. A typical Linux power user can put together a small

server, get a dedicated Internet pipe with static IP addresses into her home, register a

domain name, and build a server on the Internet. If you fall into this category, you can

simply plow through the other topics in this book and expand your job possibilities.

To some of you, however, all that may sound like the equivalent of rappelling down

a 10,000-foot mountain. If you’re one of them, just start somewhere. As the saying

goes, you eat an elephant one bite at a time, and damn the torpedoes.

You may have certifications for operating systems other than Linux. While you’re

applying patches and hot fixes, your boss may ask you to deploy an Apache server,

or handle your own DNS lookups, or replace Exchange with Zimbra.

www.it-ebooks.info

Do You Need a Book?

Whether you just want to learn or actually have to learn, you’ll likely need some

help climbing the Linux power user curve. That’s exactly what we’re here for: to

help you explore the Linux system landscape without all the hardships our fore-

fathers experienced.

Where Do You Start?

This book summarizes the steps you need to follow to build standalone servers. If

you need to build a mail server, create a web server and blogging system, or set up a

gateway for your LAN, you can jump right into the middle of the book. You don’t

have to read Linux System Administration from cover to cover.

We start you working right away, presenting a step-by-step guide to building a Linux

server in Chapter 2. You can choose whatever path works for you, whether it involves

creating a highly available cluster for web services, server consolidation through virtu-

alization using Xen or VMware, or setting up a server for local area networks.

Running a modern operating system is incredibly cheap. You can set up a sophisti-

cated learning center for yourself on hardware that many sites would consider obso-

lete and give away for free. We started with a used box powered by an Intel CPU two

generations older than current models, added older versions of hard drives and mem-

ory, and went with a no-frills, free version of Linux.

Do You Need a Book?

Technical books have waned in popularity as the Internet has matured. To write a

successful book today, the author has to provide significant value to the reader. An

interesting story about one of the first e-commerce sites on the Web helps explain

the value a book should deliver. A cheesecake company put up an advertisement in

the earliest days of the Web. According to the story, several months passed and the

company didn’t receive a single order. In an unusual move, the president of the com-

pany published the company’s secret cheesecake recipe. Within hours, he began

receiving calls on his toll-free line. People began ordering cheesecakes in large num-

bers. Consumers looked at the recipe, considered the effort required to make their

own cheesecakes, and saw the value in buying them from the company.

Many of the ingredients for this book were scattered across the Internet, in mailing

lists, forums, and discussion groups, while others were mined from books, periodi-

cals, and the experiences of colleagues. We solved a number of problems whose

solutions were completely undocumented in the course of researching this book, and

we pass our lessons on to you.

Many excellent project sites have inadequate documentation. Developers work hard

to provide excellent software for free, but prose often trails code for many reasons:

lack of time, lack of resources, lack of interest, language barriers, and so on.

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Chapter 1: Requirements for a Linux System Administrator

Together with our readers, editors, and reviewers, we hope we’ve decreased entropy

slightly in this little corner of the computing world.

Who Needs You?

A few years ago, most Linux system administrators would have told you that they

didn’t choose their careers—Linux chose them. In the old days, Linux was like an

adolescent Unix. Most Linux system administrators learned the ropes on single

workstations and very small networks. Linux inherited some servers from Unix

(BIND, Sendmail, Apache), but little office software and few applications. Today,

Linux system administration involves thousands of packages and interoperability

with other operating systems.

Who needs Linux administrators? The NASA Center for Computational Sciences

(NCCS) at the Goddard Space Flight Center does. Its Linux-based high-performance

computing (HPC) clusters are designed to dramatically increase throughput for appli-

cations ranging from studying weather and climate variability to simulating astrophysi-

cal phenomena. Linux supplements NCCS architecture designed to scale to as many as

40 trillion floating-point operations per second (TFLOPS) in its full configuration.

Linux runs more of the world’s top supercomputers than any other operating sys-

tem. In fact, as of this writing Linux runs an astonishing 75 percent of the top 500

supercomputers on the planet.

According to department heads at the Lawrence Liv-

ermore National Laboratory in Livermore, CA, Linux runs 10 of their massive sys-

tems, all of which are on the TOP500 List. Those systems include BlueGene/L, the

world’s most powerful supercomputer, and Thunder, which currently ranks nine-

teenth (http://www.top500.org/list/2006/11/100).

Help Wanted

Linux administrators are in high demand. To give you an idea of what’s expected of

them, we looked at a small selection of the tens of thousands of ads for Linux sys-

tem administrators on a national job listing agency’s web site. Here’s a tiny snapshot

of some of the jobs’ responsibilities:

• Administer and manage large Linux server environment, with an emphasis on

performance monitoring, tuning, and management.

• Oversee database physical design, administration, and documentation.

• Provide network troubleshooting, escalated service desk support, and proactive

monitoring of mission-critical systems.

* See http://www.top500.org/stats/28/osfam.

www.it-ebooks.info

Who Needs You?

• Provide guidance and direction of technology solutions for the organization;

train and mentor junior-level administrators.

• Supply daily technical support and on-call consulting advice for the hardware

and operating system environment supporting the collection platform; adminis-

ter Linux server infrastructure to maintain stability as well as maximize efficien-

cies in the computing environment.

• Install, configure, and troubleshoot all hardware, peripherals, and equipment

necessary to meet integrated systems objectives; provide support functions on

escalated issues.

• Provide effective first/second-level support for a company’s Linux environment

across 300-plus servers, including Linux blades.

• Manage all aspects of the integrity of the environment, including security, moni-

toring (capacity and performance), change control, and software management.

• Interface with other internal support groups such as Change Control, Applica-

tion Development, Engineering, Database Administrators, Web Services, Stor-

age, Security, Operations, and Command Centers.

• Administer infrastructure services—DNS, NIS, LDAP, FTP, SMTP, Postfix/

Sendmail, NFS, Samba—and application and database servers, with an empha-

sis on automation and monitoring.

Linux is now a standard corporate platform, and Linux talent is in short supply. If

you want to learn Linux to boost your financial worth, plenty of evidence supports a

growing need within the industry for workers with Linux administration skills.

Analyzing Skill Sets

Ask different information system managers to define the role of a system administra-

tor, and you will get a variety of answers. Market inertia has surprised the current crop

of managers who lack information about Linux. They do not know what Linux profes-

sionals should know, and Linux professionals rarely understand those managers.

Many information system managers who understand Unix attempt to hold Linux

administrators to Unix standards. That rarely works. While Unix administrators may

believe they can easily transition to Linux, they quickly discover a knowledge gap.

Linux administrators have less trouble transitioning to Unix than the other way

around. One explanation says Linux administrators have a broader understanding of

their systems because of the nature of open source software.

System administration tasks more often than not involve the Internet. The majority

of transactions are related to email and web site management, in addition to telecom-

munications and mobility. Email once represented 70 percent of all traffic on the

Internet. Today, broadband applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP) and other

forms of communication, including instant messaging, have increased traffic while

lowering the percentage devoted to email. But whatever the protocols and media

used, the Internet remains the primary domain of Linux.

www.it-ebooks.info

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