Python编程专业指南

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"PythonNotesForProfessionals.pdf 是一本关于Python编程的非官方免费教育书籍，包含800多页的专业提示和技巧。本书旨在帮助读者深入理解和熟练掌握Python语言，适用于初学者和有一定经验的开发者。书中涵盖了一系列关键主题，如Python的基础知识、数据类型、模块管理等。" 在《Python Notes for Professionals》这本书中，首先介绍了Python语言的基本入门知识： 1. **Getting Started**: 这一部分旨在引导新用户了解Python环境的设置，包括如何下载和安装Python的不同版本（如2.7.x和3.x）以及Python集成开发环境（IDE），如IDLE。 2. **Creating Variables and Assigning Values**: 介绍变量的概念，如何在Python中创建并赋值，理解Python的动态类型特性。 3. **Block Indentation**: Python以其显著的缩进规则著称，这一部分会讲解为什么缩进是必要的，以及如何正确使用它来组织代码块。 4. **Data Types**: 详细讨论Python中的基本数据类型，如整型（int）、浮点型（float）、布尔型（bool）和字符串（str）。 5. **Collection Types**: 介绍Python中的集合类型，包括列表（list）、元组（tuple）、字典（dict）和集合（set），以及它们的特点和用法。 6. **IDLE - Python GUI**: IDLE是Python自带的一个简单开发环境，这部分将指导用户如何使用其进行代码编写和调试。 7. **User Input**: 讲解如何从用户那里获取输入，并展示在Python中处理用户输入的方法。 8. **Built-in Modules and Functions**: 介绍Python内置的模块和函数，这些是Python标准库的一部分，提供各种功能，如数学运算、文件操作等。 9. **Creating a Module**: 解释如何创建和使用Python模块，以实现代码的组织和重用。 10. **String Function - str() and repr()**: 介绍字符串转换函数str()和repr()，它们在处理字符串表示和打印时的作用。 11. **Installing External Modules using pip**: pip是Python的包管理器，这部分会教导用户如何使用pip安装和管理第三方库。 12. **Help Utility**: 提供了Python内置的帮助系统，帮助开发者查询函数、模块或类的信息。接下来的章节则深入到Python的特定数据类型： 1. **String Data Type**: 详细讨论字符串的特性，包括字符串操作、格式化、正则表达式等。 2. **Set Data Types**: 介绍集合数据类型，如添加、删除元素，以及集合操作，如交集、并集、差集等。 3. **Numbers Data Type**: 讨论数字类型，包括算术运算、比较操作，以及复数（complex）的使用。本书通过丰富的实例和实践建议，为专业人士提供了全面的Python学习资源，无论是对初学者还是有经验的开发者，都能从中受益。

methods 491 ........................................................................................................................................................................

Section 102.1: Motivation 491 ...........................................................................................................................................

Section 102.2: Both methods implemented, eval-round-trip style __repr__() 495 ..................................................

Chapter 103: Debugging 496 ........................................................................................................................................

Section 103.1: Via IPython and ipdb 496 .........................................................................................................................

Section 103.2: The Python Debugger: Step-through Debugging with _pdb_ 496 ....................................................

Section 103.3: Remote debugger 498 .............................................................................................................................

Chapter 104: Reading and Writing CSV 499 ........................................................................................................

Section 104.1: Using pandas 499 .....................................................................................................................................

Section 104.2: Writing a TSV ﬁle 499 ..............................................................................................................................

Chapter 105: Writing to CSV from String or List 501 ......................................................................................

Section 105.1: Basic Write Example 501 ..........................................................................................................................

Section 105.2: Appending a String as a newline in a CSV ﬁle 501 ...............................................................................

Chapter 106: Dynamic code execution with `exec` and `eval` 502 .............................................................

Section 106.1: Executing code provided by untrusted user using exec, eval, or ast.literal_eval 502 .......................

Section 106.2: Evaluating a string containing a Python literal with ast.literal_eval 502 ...........................................

Section 106.3: Evaluating statements with exec 502 .....................................................................................................

Section 106.4: Evaluating an expression with eval 503 .................................................................................................

Section 106.5: Precompiling an expression to evaluate it multiple times 503 ............................................................

Section 106.6: Evaluating an expression with eval using custom globals 503 ...........................................................

Chapter 107: PyInstaller - Distributing Python Code 504 ..............................................................................

Section 107.1: Installation and Setup 504 ........................................................................................................................

Section 107.2: Using Pyinstaller 504 ................................................................................................................................

Section 107.3: Bundling to One Folder 505 .....................................................................................................................

Section 107.4: Bundling to a Single File 505 ...................................................................................................................

Chapter 108: Data Visualization with Python 506 .............................................................................................

Section 108.1: Seaborn 506 ..............................................................................................................................................

Section 108.2: Matplotlib 508 ...........................................................................................................................................

Section 108.3: Plotly 509 ...................................................................................................................................................

Section 108.4: MayaVI 511 ...............................................................................................................................................

Chapter 109: The Interpreter (Command Line Console) 513 .......................................................................

Section 109.1: Getting general help 513 ..........................................................................................................................

Section 109.2: Referring to the last expression 513 ......................................................................................................

Section 109.3: Opening the Python console 514 ............................................................................................................

Section 109.4: The PYTHONSTARTUP variable 514 ......................................................................................................

Section 109.5: Command line arguments 514 ...............................................................................................................

Section 109.6: Getting help about an object 515 ...........................................................................................................

Chapter 110: *args and **kwargs 518 .......................................................................................................................

Section 110.1: Using **kwargs when writing functions 518 ............................................................................................

Section 110.2: Using *args when writing functions 518 ..................................................................................................

Section 110.3: Populating kwarg values with a dictionary 519 .....................................................................................

Section 110.4: Keyword-only and Keyword-required arguments 519 ........................................................................

Section 110.5: Using **kwargs when calling functions 519 ............................................................................................

Section 110.6: **kwargs and default values 519 .............................................................................................................

Section 110.7: Using *args when calling functions 520 ..................................................................................................

Chapter 111: Garbage Collection 521 ........................................................................................................................

Section 111.1: Reuse of primitive objects 521 ..................................................................................................................

Section 111.2: Eects of the del command 521 ..............................................................................................................

Section 111.3: Reference Counting 522 ............................................................................................................................

Section 111.4: Garbage Collector for Reference Cycles 522 .........................................................................................

Section 111.5: Forcefully deallocating objects 523 .........................................................................................................

Section 111.6: Viewing the refcount of an object 524 .....................................................................................................

Section 111.7: Do not wait for the garbage collection to clean up 524 ........................................................................

Section 111.8: Managing garbage collection 524 ...........................................................................................................

Chapter 112: Pickle data serialisation 526 .............................................................................................................

Section 112.1: Using Pickle to serialize and deserialize an object 526 ..........................................................................

Section 112.2: Customize Pickled Data 526 ....................................................................................................................

Chapter 113: Binary Data 528 ......................................................................................................................................

Section 113.1: Format a list of values into a byte object 528 ........................................................................................

Section 113.2: Unpack a byte object according to a format string 528 ......................................................................

Section 113.3: Packing a structure 528 ............................................................................................................................

Chapter 114: Idioms 530 ..................................................................................................................................................

Section 114.1: Dictionary key initializations 530 ..............................................................................................................

Section 114.2: Switching variables 530 ............................................................................................................................

Section 114.3: Use truth value testing 530 ......................................................................................................................

Section 114.4: Test for "__main__" to avoid unexpected code execution 531 ..........................................................

Chapter 115: Data Serialization 533 ..........................................................................................................................

Section 115.1: Serialization using JSON 533 ....................................................................................................................

Section 115.2: Serialization using Pickle 533 ...................................................................................................................

Chapter 116: Multiprocessing 535 ...............................................................................................................................

Section 116.1: Running Two Simple Processes 535 .........................................................................................................

Section 116.2: Using Pool and Map 535 ...........................................................................................................................

Chapter 117: Multithreading 537 .................................................................................................................................

Section 117.1: Basics of multithreading 537 ....................................................................................................................

Section 117.2: Communicating between threads 538 ....................................................................................................

Section 117.3: Creating a worker pool 539 ......................................................................................................................

Section 117.4: Advanced use of multithreads 539 ..........................................................................................................

Section 117.5: Stoppable Thread with a while Loop 541 ...............................................................................................

Chapter 118: Processes and Threads 542 ..............................................................................................................

Section 118.1: Global Interpreter Lock 542 ......................................................................................................................

Section 118.2: Running in Multiple Threads 543 .............................................................................................................

Section 118.3: Running in Multiple Processes 544 ..........................................................................................................

Section 118.4: Sharing State Between Threads 544 .......................................................................................................

Section 118.5: Sharing State Between Processes 545 ....................................................................................................

Chapter 119: Python concurrency 546 .....................................................................................................................

Section 119.1: The multiprocessing module 546 .............................................................................................................

Section 119.2: The threading module 547 .......................................................................................................................

Section 119.3: Passing data between multiprocessing processes 547 ........................................................................

Chapter 120: Parallel computation 550 ..................................................................................................................

Section 120.1: Using the multiprocessing module to parallelise tasks 550 .................................................................

Section 120.2: Using a C-extension to parallelize tasks 550 ........................................................................................

Section 120.3: Using Parent and Children scripts to execute code in parallel 550 ....................................................

Section 120.4: Using PyPar module to parallelize 551 ..................................................................................................

Chapter 121: Sockets 552 ................................................................................................................................................

Section 121.1: Raw Sockets on Linux 552 .........................................................................................................................

Section 121.2: Sending data via UDP 552 .......................................................................................................................

Section 121.3: Receiving data via UDP 553 .....................................................................................................................

Section 121.4: Sending data via TCP 553 ........................................................................................................................

Section 121.5: Multi-threaded TCP Socket Server 553 ...................................................................................................

Chapter 122: Websockets 556 ......................................................................................................................................

Section 122.1: Simple Echo with aiohttp 556 ...................................................................................................................

Section 122.2: Wrapper Class with aiohttp 556 .............................................................................................................

Section 122.3: Using Autobahn as a Websocket Factory 557 ......................................................................................

Chapter 123: Sockets And Message Encryption/Decryption Between Client and Server

559 ............................................................................................................................................................................................

Section 123.1: Server side Implementation 559 ..............................................................................................................

Section 123.2: Client side Implementation 561 ..............................................................................................................

Chapter 124: Python Networking 563 .....................................................................................................................

Section 124.1: Creating a Simple Http Server 563 ..........................................................................................................

Section 124.2: Creating a TCP server 563 ......................................................................................................................

Section 124.3: Creating a UDP Server 564 .....................................................................................................................

Section 124.4: Start Simple HttpServer in a thread and open the browser 564 .........................................................

Section 124.5: The simplest Python socket client-server example 565 .......................................................................

Chapter 125: Python HTTP Server 567 ....................................................................................................................

Section 125.1: Running a simple HTTP server 567 .........................................................................................................

Section 125.2: Serving ﬁles 567 ........................................................................................................................................

Section 125.3: Basic handling of GET, POST, PUT using BaseHTTPRequestHandler 568 .........................................

Section 125.4: Programmatic API of SimpleHTTPServer 569 .......................................................................................

Chapter 126: Flask 571 ....................................................................................................................................................

Section 126.1: Files and Templates 571 ...........................................................................................................................

Section 126.2: The basics 571 ..........................................................................................................................................

Section 126.3: Routing URLs 572 .....................................................................................................................................

Section 126.4: HTTP Methods 573 ...................................................................................................................................

Section 126.5: Jinja Templating 573 ...............................................................................................................................

Section 126.6: The Request Object 574 ..........................................................................................................................

Chapter 127: Introduction to RabbitMQ using AMQPStorm 576 ................................................................

Section 127.1: How to consume messages from RabbitMQ 576 ..................................................................................

Section 127.2: How to publish messages to RabbitMQ 577 .........................................................................................

Section 127.3: How to create a delayed queue in RabbitMQ 577 ................................................................................

Chapter 128: Descriptor 580 .........................................................................................................................................

Section 128.1: Simple descriptor 580 ...............................................................................................................................

Section 128.2: Two-way conversions 581 .......................................................................................................................

Chapter 129: tempﬁle NamedTemporaryFile 582 .............................................................................................

Section 129.1: Create (and write to a) known, persistent temporary ﬁle 582 .............................................................

Chapter 130: Input, Subset and Output External Data Files using Pandas 584 .................................

Section 130.1: Basic Code to Import, Subset and Write External Data Files Using Pandas 584 ...............................

Chapter 131: Unzipping Files 586 ................................................................................................................................

Section 131.1: Using Python ZipFile.extractall() to decompress a ZIP ﬁle 586 ............................................................

Section 131.2: Using Python TarFile.extractall() to decompress a tarball 586 ...........................................................

Chapter 132: Working with ZIP archives 587 ........................................................................................................

Section 132.1: Examining Zipﬁle Contents 587 ...............................................................................................................

Section 132.2: Opening Zip Files 587 ...............................................................................................................................

Section 132.3: Extracting zip ﬁle contents to a directory 588 .......................................................................................

Section 132.4: Creating new archives 588 ......................................................................................................................

Chapter 133: Getting start with GZip 589 ..............................................................................................................

Section 133.1: Read and write GNU zip ﬁles 589 ............................................................................................................

Chapter 134: Stack 590 ...................................................................................................................................................

Section 134.1: Creating a Stack class with a List Object 590 ........................................................................................

Section 134.2: Parsing Parentheses 591 .........................................................................................................................

Chapter 135: Working around the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) 593 .....................................................

Section 135.1: Multiprocessing.Pool 593 ..........................................................................................................................

Section 135.2: Cython nogil: 594 ......................................................................................................................................

Chapter 136: Deployment 595 .....................................................................................................................................

Section 136.1: Uploading a Conda Package 595 ............................................................................................................

Chapter 137: Logging 597 ..............................................................................................................................................

Section 137.1: Introduction to Python Logging 597 ........................................................................................................

Section 137.2: Logging exceptions 598 ...........................................................................................................................

Chapter 138: Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) 601 .............................................................................

Section 138.1: Server Object (Method) 601 .....................................................................................................................

Chapter 139: Python Server Sent Events 602 ......................................................................................................

Section 139.1: Flask SSE 602 .............................................................................................................................................

Section 139.2: Asyncio SSE 602 ........................................................................................................................................

Chapter 140: Alternatives to switch statement from other languages 604 .......................................

Section 140.1: Use what the language oers: the if/else construct 604 .....................................................................

Section 140.2: Use a dict of functions 604 ......................................................................................................................

Section 140.3: Use class introspection 605 .....................................................................................................................

Section 140.4: Using a context manager 606 ................................................................................................................

Chapter 141: List destructuring (aka packing and unpacking) 607 .........................................................

Section 141.1: Destructuring assignment 607 .................................................................................................................

Section 141.2: Packing function arguments 608 ............................................................................................................

Section 141.3: Unpacking function arguments 610 ........................................................................................................

Chapter 142: Accessing Python source code and bytecode 611 ..............................................................

Section 142.1: Display the bytecode of a function 611 ..................................................................................................

Section 142.2: Display the source code of an object 611 .............................................................................................

Section 142.3: Exploring the code object of a function 612 ..........................................................................................

Chapter 143: Mixins 613 ..................................................................................................................................................

Section 143.1: Mixin 613 .....................................................................................................................................................

Section 143.2: Overriding Methods in Mixins 614 ...........................................................................................................

Chapter 144: Attribute Access 615 ...........................................................................................................................

Section 144.1: Basic Attribute Access using the Dot Notation 615 ...............................................................................

Section 144.2: Setters, Getters & Properties 615 ............................................................................................................

Chapter 145: ArcPy 618 ..................................................................................................................................................

Section 145.1: createDissolvedGDB to create a ﬁle gdb on the workspace 618 ........................................................

Section 145.2: Printing one ﬁeld's value for all rows of feature class in ﬁle geodatabase using Search

Cursor 618 .................................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 146: Abstract Base Classes (abc) 619 ...................................................................................................

Section 146.1: Setting the ABCMeta metaclass 619 .......................................................................................................

Section 146.2: Why/How to use ABCMeta and @abstractmethod 619 ......................................................................

Chapter 147: Plugin and Extension Classes 621 .................................................................................................

Section 147.1: Mixins 621 ...................................................................................................................................................

Section 147.2: Plugins with Customized Classes 622 .....................................................................................................

Chapter 148: Immutable datatypes(int, ﬂoat, str, tuple and frozensets) 624 ..................................

Section 148.1: Individual characters of strings are not assignable 624 .......................................................................

Section 148.2: Tuple's individual members aren't assignable 624 ...............................................................................

Section 148.3: Frozenset's are immutable and not assignable 624 .............................................................................

Chapter 149: Incompatibilities moving from Python 2 to Python 3 625 ................................................

Section 149.1: Integer Division 625 ...................................................................................................................................

Section 149.2: Unpacking Iterables 626 ..........................................................................................................................

Section 149.3: Strings: Bytes versus Unicode 628 ..........................................................................................................

Section 149.4: Print statement vs. Print function 630 ....................................................................................................

Section 149.5: Dierences between range and xrange functions 631 ........................................................................

Section 149.6: Raising and handling Exceptions 632 .....................................................................................................

Section 149.7: Leaked variables in list comprehension 634 ..........................................................................................

Section 149.8: True, False and None 635 ........................................................................................................................

Section 149.9: User Input 635 ...........................................................................................................................................

Section 149.10: Comparison of dierent types 636 .......................................................................................................

Section 149.11: .next() method on iterators renamed 636 .............................................................................................

Section 149.12: ﬁlter(), map() and zip() return iterators instead of sequences 637 ...................................................

Section 149.13: Renamed modules 637 ...........................................................................................................................

Section 149.14: Removed operators <> and ``, synonymous with != and repr() 638 ...................................................

Section 149.15: long vs. int 638 .........................................................................................................................................

Section 149.16: All classes are "new-style classes" in Python 3 639 ............................................................................

Section 149.17: Reduce is no longer a built-in 640 .........................................................................................................

Section 149.18: Absolute/Relative Imports 640 ..............................................................................................................

Section 149.19: map() 642 ................................................................................................................................................

Section 149.20: The round() function tie-breaking and return type 643 ....................................................................

Section 149.21: File I/O 644 ..............................................................................................................................................

Section 149.22: cmp function removed in Python 3 644 ...............................................................................................

Section 149.23: Octal Constants 645 ...............................................................................................................................

Section 149.24: Return value when writing to a ﬁle object 645 ....................................................................................

Section 149.25: exec statement is a function in Python 3 645 ......................................................................................

Section 149.26: encode/decode to hex no longer available 646 .................................................................................

Section 149.27: Dictionary method changes 647 ..........................................................................................................

Section 149.28: Class Boolean Value 647 .......................................................................................................................

Section 149.29: hasattr function bug in Python 2 648 ...................................................................................................

Chapter 150: 2to3 tool 650 ............................................................................................................................................

Section 150.1: Basic Usage 650 ........................................................................................................................................

Chapter 151: Non-ocial Python implementations 652 ................................................................................

Section 151.1: IronPython 652 ...........................................................................................................................................

Section 151.2: Jython 652 .................................................................................................................................................

Section 151.3: Transcrypt 653 ..........................................................................................................................................

Chapter 152: Abstract syntax tree 656 ...................................................................................................................

Section 152.1: Analyze functions in a python script 656 ................................................................................................

Chapter 153: Unicode and bytes 658 .......................................................................................................................

Section 153.1: Encoding/decoding error handling 658 ..................................................................................................

Section 153.2: File I/O 658 ................................................................................................................................................

Section 153.3: Basics 659 ..................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 154: Python Serial Communication (pyserial) 661 .........................................................................

Section 154.1: Initialize serial device 661 .........................................................................................................................

Section 154.2: Read from serial port 661 .......................................................................................................................

Section 154.3: Check what serial ports are available on your machine 661 ..............................................................

Chapter 155: Neo4j and Cypher using Py2Neo 664 .........................................................................................

Section 155.1: Adding Nodes to Neo4j Graph 664 ..........................................................................................................

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