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"Java+IO(第二版)" 是一本由 Elliotte Rusty Harold 撰写的书籍，专注于讲解Java的输入/输出（I/O）技术。这本书由O'Reilly出版社在2006年5月出版，ISBN-10为0-596-52750-0，ISBN-13为978-0-59-652750-1，总共有726页。书中涵盖了Java I/O的基础知识以及高级特性，适用于对Java I/O理解不深的学习者。 Java的I/O机制基于流（streams），这种设计使得读写不同类型的数据显示简洁。Java提供了多种不同类型的流，每种都有其特定的应用场景。流的世界大致分为四大类别：输入流和输出流，用于处理二进制数据；以及读者和写者，用于处理文本（字符）数据。基础的流类型可能大家都已经熟悉，但可能并不了解CipherInputStream用于读取加密数据，或者ZipOutputStream可以自动压缩数据。此外，书中还介绍了如何有效地使用缓冲流来提升I/O操作的效率。随着Java 5.0 API的引入，本书进行了更新，全面讲述了关于流的所有知识，甚至可能超出你的预期。书中不仅讨论了I/O，还包含了字符集和格式化的主题。Java支持Unicode，因此书中会详细解释如何处理字符编码，以及如何在不同的字符集之间进行转换。另外，书中可能还会涉及日期和时间的格式化，网络I/O，对象序列化，以及文件系统操作等。在描述I/O性能优化时，作者可能会讲解如何使用缓冲策略、非阻塞I/O和NIO（New IO）框架来提高程序的性能和并发能力。此外，对于处理大文件或网络传输的高效方法，如数据压缩和解压缩，也会有深入的探讨。本书还可能包含实际示例代码，帮助读者理解和应用所学知识。通过这些示例，你可以学习到如何在实际项目中使用Java的I/O类库，解决各种数据传输和存储的问题。无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从这本书中获得宝贵的知识和实践经验。

A few examples in later chapters depend on material from earlier chaptersfor instance, many examples use the FileInputStream class

discussed in Chapter 4 but they should not be difficult to understand on the whole.

Who You Are

This book assumes you have a basic familiarity with Java. You should be thoroughly familiar with the syntax of the language. You should

be comfortable with object-oriented programming, including terminology like instances, objects, and classes. You should know what a

reference is and what that means for passing arguments to and returning values from methods. You should already have written simple

applications and applets.

For the most part, I try to keep the examples relatively straightforward so that they require only minimal understanding of other parts of the

class library outside the I/O classes. This may lead some to deride these as "toy examples." However, I find that such examples are far

more conducive to understanding and learning than are full-blown, sophisticated programs that fill page after page with graphical user

interface (GUI) code just to demonstrate a two-line point about I/O. Occasionally, however, a graphical example is simply too tempting to

ignore, as in the JStreamedTextArea class in Chapter 2 or the File Viewer application developed throughout most of the book. I will try to keep the

GUI material to a minimum, but a familiarity with the basics of the AWT and Swing will be assumed.

When you encounter a topic that requires a deeper understanding of I/O than is customaryfor instance, the exact nature of stringsI'll cover

that topic as well, at least briefly. However, this is not a language tutorial, and the emphasis will always be on the I/O-specific features.

About the Examples

Although many of the examples are toys unlikely to be reused, a few of the classes I develop have real value. Please feel free to reuse

them or any parts of them in your own code; no special permission is required. Such classes are placed somewhere in the com.elharo

package, generally mirroring the java package hierarchy. For instance, Chapter 2 's NullOutputStream class is in the com.elharo.io package. When

working with these classes, don't forget that the compiled .class files must reside in directories matching their package structure inside your

classpath and that you'll have to import them in your own classes before you can use them. The web page for this book, at

http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/javaio2/ , includes a JAR file that can be installed in your classpath.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following formatting conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Used for emphasis and to signify the first use of a term. Italic is also used for commands, filenames, and URLs.

Constant width

Used in all Java code and generally for anything that you would type literally when programming, including keywords, data types,

constants, method names, variables, class names, and interface names.

Constant width italic

Used as a placeholder to indicate an item that should be replaced with an actual value in your program.

Constant width bold

Used for user input on the command line.

Request for Comments

I enjoy hearing from readers, whether with general comments about how this could be a better book, specific corrections, or other topics

you would like to see covered. You can reach me by sending email to elharo@metalab.unc.edu . Please realize, however, that I receive

several hundred pieces of email a day and cannot personally respond to each one.

I'm especially interested in hearing about mistakes. If you find one, I'll post it on my web page for this book at

http://www.cafeaulait.org/books/javaio2/ and on the O'Reilly web site at http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/javaio2/ . Before reporting errors,

please check one of those pages to see if I already know about it and have posted a fix.

Safari Enabled

When you see the Safari® Enabled icon on the back cover of your favorite technology book, that means the book i s

available online through the O'Reilly Network Safari Bookshelf.

Safari offers a solution that's better than e-books. It's a virtual library that lets you easily search thousands of top technology books, cut

and paste code samples, download chapters, and find quick answers when you need the most accurate, current information.

Try it for free at http://safari.oreilly.com .

Acknowledgments

Many people were involved in the production of this book. All these people deserve much thanks and credit. My editor, Mike Loukides, got

this book rolling and provided many helpful comments that substantially improved it. Deb Cameron stepped up to the plate to edit this

second edition. Clairemarie Fisher O'Leary, Chris Maden, and Robert Romano deserve a special commendation for putting in all the extra

effort needed for a book that makes free use of Arabic, Cyrillic, Chinese, and other non-Roman scripts. Tim O'Reilly and the whole crew at

O'Reilly deserve special thanks for building a publisher that's willing to give a book the time and support it needs to be a good book rather

than rushing it out the door to meet an artificial deadline.

Many people looked over portions of the manuscript and provided helpful comments. These included Scott Bortman, Bob Eckstein, and

Avner Gelb. Bruce Schneier and Jan Luehe both lent their expertise to the cryptography chapter. Ron Hitchens shone light into many of

the darker areas of the new I/O APIs. Ian Darwin was invaluable in handling the details of the Java Communications API. Jonathan

Knudsen helped out with Bluetooth and The GCF. IBM's Dan Streetman assisted with understanding the Java USB API (as well as writing

the open source reference implementation I used), and Avetana's Moritz Gmelin was equally helpful with some tricky points of working with

the Java Bluetooth API.

Finally, I'd like to save my largest thanks for my wife, Beth, without whose support and assistance this book would never have happened.

Elliotte Rusty Harold

Brooklyn, NY

May 2, 2006

Chapter 1. Introducing I/O

Input and output, I/O for short, are fundamental to any computer operating system or programming language. Only theorists find it

interesting to write programs that don't require input or produce output. At the same time, I/O hardly qualifies as one of the more

"thrilling" topics in computer science. It's something in the background, something you use every daybut for most developers, it's not a

topic with much sex appeal.

But in fact, there are plenty of reasons Java programmers should find I/O interesting. Java includes a particularly rich set of I/O classes

in the core API, mostly in the java.io and java.nio packages. These packages support several different styles of I/O. One distinction is

between byte-oriented I/O, which is handled by input and output streams, and character-I/O, which is handled by readers and writers.

Another distinction is between the old-style stream-based I/O and the new-style channel- and buffer-based I/O. These all have their place

and are appropriate for different needs and use cases. None of them should be ignored.

Java's I/O libraries are designed in an abstract way that enables you to read from external data sources and write to external targets ,

regardless of the kind of thing you're writing to or reading from. You use the same methods to read from a file that you do to read from

the console or from a network connection. You use the same methods to write to a file that you do to write to a byte array or a serial port

device.

Reading and writing without caring where your data is coming from or where it's going is a very powerful abstraction. Among other things,

this enables you to define I/O streams that automatically compress, encrypt, and filter from one data format to another. Once you have

these tools, programs can send encrypted data or write zip files with almost no knowledge of what they're doing. Cryptography or

compression can be isolated in a few lines of code that say, "Oh yes, make this a compressed, encrypted output stream."

In this book, I'll take a thorough look at all parts of Java's I/O facilities. This includes all the different kinds of streams you can use and

the channels and buffers that offer high-performance, high-throughput, nonblocking operations on servers. We're also going to

investigate Java's support for Unicode. We'll look at Java's powerful facilities for formatting I/O. Finally, we'll look at the various APIs

Java provides for low-level I/O through various devices including serial ports, parallel ports, USB, Bluetooth, and other hardware you'll

find in devices that don't necessarily look like a traditional desktop computer or server.

I won't go so far as to say, "If you've always found I/O boring, this is the book for you!" I will say that if you do find I/O uninteresting, you

probably don't know as much about it as you should. I/O is the means for communication between software and the outside world. Java

provides a powerful and flexible set of tools for doing this crucial part of the job. Having said that, let's start with the basics.

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