iOS编程第三版：Big Nerd Ranch指南

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"iOS编程第三版（英文版）.pdf - 一本关于iOS开发的书籍，由Joe Conway和Aaron Hillegass撰写，由Big Nerd Ranch出版。" 本书《iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide》是iOS开发的第三版指南，由知名编程教育机构Big Nerd Ranch的两位作者Joe Conway和Aaron Hillegass共同编著。这本书针对想要学习或提升iOS应用程序开发技能的读者，提供了深入浅出的教学内容。自第一版以来，该书一直受到开发者社区的广泛欢迎，成为学习Apple iOS平台开发的经典教材。在iOS编程领域，这本书主要涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Swift语言基础**：书中会介绍Apple的Swift编程语言，包括语法、变量、常量、控制流、函数以及面向对象编程的概念。Swift是iOS开发的首选语言，它的设计目标是简洁、安全和高性能。 2. **Xcode工具链**：Xcode是iOS开发者的主要集成开发环境（IDE），书中会详细介绍如何使用Xcode创建项目、调试代码和构建用户界面。 3. **UIKit框架**：UIKit是iOS应用的核心，它包含了大量的类和接口，用于构建用户界面和处理用户的交互。书中会讲解如何使用UIViewController、UILabel、UIButton等UI组件来设计应用程序的界面。 4. **模型-视图-控制器（MVC）架构**：iOS开发中广泛采用MVC设计模式，书中会详细阐述这一架构的原理及其在实际开发中的应用。 5. **数据持久化**：iOS应用往往需要存储用户数据，书中会介绍Core Data框架，以及如何使用SQLite等数据库技术实现数据的持久化。 6. **网络编程**：包括使用URLSession进行HTTP请求、JSON解析和XML处理，以及使用Bonjour进行本地网络通信。 7. **多线程与异步编程**：讲解如何在iOS应用中处理并发任务，包括GCD（Grand Central Dispatch）和Operation Queues。 8. **动画与手势识别**：介绍如何使用Core Animation和手势识别技术提升用户体验。 9. **推送通知**：如何集成Apple Push Notification服务，实现实时消息推送。 10. **测试与调试**：介绍单元测试、集成测试和调试技巧，帮助开发者确保代码质量和应用稳定性。 11. **App Store发布**：指导读者如何完成应用的打包、签名和提交到App Store进行审核和分发。通过本书，读者将系统地学习iOS开发，从基础概念到高级特性，逐步成长为一名合格的iOS开发者。同时，Big Nerd Ranch的教育风格以实践为导向，书中包含大量实例和练习，鼓励读者边学边做，提高动手能力。请注意，尽管本书是英文版，但其清晰的表述和丰富的示例可以帮助中国读者无障碍学习。对于英语阅读有困难的读者，可以寻找相关的中文翻译资料或者配合中文教程一起学习，以便更好地理解和掌握iOS开发的知识。

Building Interfaces

Now you’re going to create the user interface for Quiz using Xcode’s visual tool for building interfaces. In many

GUI builders on other platforms, you describe what you want an application to look like and then press a button to

generate a bunch of code. Xcode’s interface builder is different. It is an object editor: you create and configure view

objects and then save them into an archive. The archive is a XIB (pronounced “zib”) file.

A XIB file is an XML representation of the archived objects. When you build a project, the XIB file is compiled into

a NIB file. Developers work with XIB files (they’re easier to edit), and applications use NIB files (they’re smaller

and easier to parse). However, most iOS developers use the words XIB and NIB interchangeably.

When you build an application, the compiled NIB file is copied into the application’s bundle. The bundle is a

directory containing the application’s executable and any resources the executable uses.

When your application reads in, or loads, the NIB file from the bundle at runtime, the objects in the archive are

brought to life. Your first application will have only one NIB file, and it will be loaded when the application first

launches. A complex application, however, can have many NIB files that are loaded as they are needed.

In the project navigator, find and select the file named QuizViewController.xib. When you open this (or any) XIB

file from the project navigator, the editor area displays a dock view and a canvas. The dock view is on the lefthand

side of the editor area, and it shows the objects in the XIB file. You can expand the dock view into an outline by

clicking the disclosure button in the bottom left corner of the canvas (Figure 1.6). The dock shows fewer details and

is useful when screen real estate is running low. However, for learning purposes, it is easier to see what is going on in

the outline view.

Figure 1.6 Editing a XIB file in Xcode

Right now, the outline view shows that QuizViewController.xib contains three objects:

File's Owner

This is the object that will have access to the objects archived in the XIB file. It will be an instance of

QuizViewController, which is the object responsible for managing events that occur on this interface.

First Responder

This object doesn’t have much use in iOS right now; it is a relic from Desktop Cocoa. You can ignore it.

View

An instance of UIView that represents the application interface.

The canvas portion of the editor area is for viewing and manipulating the layout of your interface. Click on the View

object in the outline view to display it on the canvas. You can move the view by dragging in the blue-shaded area

around it. Note that moving the view doesn’t change anything about the actual object; it just re-organizes the canvas.

You can also close the view by clicking on the x in its top left corner. Again, this doesn’t delete the view; it just

removes it from the canvas. You can get it back by selecting it again in the outline view.

The view object in Figure 1.6 is the foundation of your user interface and appears exactly as it will in your

application. Flip back to Figure 1.1, and you’ll see that Quiz needs four additional interface elements: two text labels

and two buttons.

To add these elements, you need to get to the utilities area. In the top-right corner of Xcode’s toolbar, find the

buttons labeled View. These buttons toggle the navigator, debug area, and utilities area. Click the right

button to reveal the utilities area (Figure 1.4).

The utilities area appears to the right of the editor area and has two sections: the inspector and the library. The top

section is the inspector, which contains settings for the file that is currently displayed in the editor area. The bottom

section is the library, which lists items you can add to a file or project. You can change the relative sizes of these

sections by dragging the line between them.

At the top of each section is a selector for different types of inspectors and libraries (Figure 1.7). From the library

selector, select the icon to reveal the object library. This library contains the objects you can add to a XIB file.

Figure 1.7 Xcode utilities area

The labels and buttons are objects (of type UILabel and UIButton), and objects have instance variables that specify

their behavior and appearance. For example, when you entered a title for the top button, you set that button’s title

instance variable. You can edit a few of these instance variables directly on the canvas, but most must be edited in the

attributes inspector. Select the bottom label and then click the icon in the inspector selector to reveal the attributes

inspector.

In the attributes inspector, you can set the instance variables of the selected object. For example, labels have a

textAlignment instance variable. The default is left-aligned, but we want this text to be centered. Near the top of

this inspector, find the segmented control for alignment. Select the centered text option, as shown in Figure 1.9.

Figure 1.9 Centering the label text

Notice the ??? is now centered in the bottom label. Now center the text in the top label. (There’s no text now, but

there will be in the running application.)

Your application’s interface now looks like it should, but before we start writing code, let’s dive into some

programming theory.

Model-View-Controller

You may hear iOS programmers mention the Model-View-Controller pattern. What this means is every object you

create is exactly one of the following: a model object, a view object, or a controller object.

View objects are visible to the user. In Quiz, the buttons, labels, and the view they are placed on top of are all view

objects. Views are usually standard UIView subclasses (UIButton, UISlider), but you will sometimes write custom

view classes. These typically have names like DangerMeterView or IncomeGraphView.

Model objects hold data and know nothing about the user interface. In this application, the model objects will be two

lists of strings: the questions array and the answers array. Figure 1.10 displays the object diagram of the Quiz

application’s model objects.

Figure 1.10 Diagram of model objects in Quiz

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