10-Gigabit Ethernet性能初探：4-Gbps带宽与低延迟

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"Initial End-to-End Performance Evaluation of 10-Gigabit Ethernet - 2003 (hoti03)-计算机科学" 这篇论文主要探讨了10-Gigabit Ethernet（10GbE）网络接口卡在实际应用中的初步端到端性能评估。作者Justin (Gus) Hurwitz和Wu-chun Feng来自美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的高级网络技术研究与发展部门。他们在研究中对Intel的10GbE适配器进行了优化配置，包括Linux系统、TCP协议以及10GbE接口本身。 1. 端到端性能评估研究发现，在优化配置后，10GbE能在局域网环境中实现超过4-Gbps的吞吐量和21微秒的发送到接收端的低延迟。这一结果表明，即使使用低端PC，10GbE也能提供出色的性能。 2. 成本效益分析这些结果暗示10GbE不仅可能成为商品集群、数据中心和Web服务器农场系统区域网络的经济高效解决方案，而且还适用于支持计算和数据网格的广域网络。这扩展了以太网的应用范围，从最初的共享以太网发展到现在的交换式以太网，并且预示着它将在城域网和广域网中取得成功。 3. 技术背景与发展趋势从共享以太网的起步，以太网已经发展成为局域网和系统区域网络中的主流技术，现在进一步向城域网和广域网扩展。10GbE的出现，提升了网络速度，满足了大数据传输和高性能计算的需求，预示着网络带宽的持续增长和未来网络技术的发展方向。 4. 优化措施为了达到这样的性能水平，研究人员必须对操作系统（如Linux）、传输控制协议（TCP）进行调整，以及针对10GbE硬件适配器的配置优化。这些措施对于充分利用高速网络硬件至关重要，同时也为未来的网络性能提升提供了参考。这篇论文揭示了10GbE在端到端性能上的卓越表现，尤其是在不依赖高端硬件的情况下。这些发现对于推动高速网络在各种应用场景中的普及具有重要意义，同时也为网络架构师和系统管理员提供了关于如何优化10GbE网络性能的指导。

Initial End-to-End Performance Evaluation of 10-Gigabit Ethernet



Justin (Gus) Hurwitz, Wu-chun Feng



ghurwitz,feng



@lanl.gov

Research & Development in Advanced Network Technology (RADIANT)

Computer & Computational Sciences Division

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, NM 87545

Abstract

We present an initial end-to-end performance evaluation

of Intel’s



10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) network inter-

face card (or adapter). With appropriate optimizations to

the conﬁgurations of Linux, TCP, and the 10GbE adapter,

we achieve over 4-Gb/s throughput and 21-



s end-to-end

latency between applications in a local-area network de-

spite using less capable, lower-end PCs. These results in-

dicate that 10GbE may also be a cost-effective solution for

system-area networks in commodity clusters, data centers,

and web-server farms as well as wide-area networks in sup-

port of computational and data grids.

1. Introduction

From its humble beginnings as shared Ethernet to its

current success as switched Ethernet in local- and system-

area networks (LANs and SANs) and its anticipated suc-

cess in metropolitan- and wide-area networks (MANs and

WANs), Ethernet continues to evolve to meet the increas-

ing demands of packet-switched networks. Furthermore, it

does so at low implementation cost while maintaining high

reliability and relative simplicity in installation (i.e., “plug-

n-play”), administration, and maintenance.

Although the recently ratiﬁed standard for 10-Gigabit

Ethernet (10GbE) differs from earlier Ethernet standards,

primarily with respect to operating only over ﬁber and only

in full-duplex mode, it remains Ethernet, and more impor-

tantly, does not obsolete current investments in network in-

frastructure. The 10GbE standard ensures interoperability

not only with respect to existing Ethernet but also other net-

working technologies such as SONET, thus paving the way

for Ethernet’s expanded use in MANs and WANs.

While 10GbE was mainly intended to allow for easy mi-

gration to higher performance levels in backbone infras-



This work was supported by the US DOE Ofﬁce of Science through

LANL contract W-7405-ENG-36. This paper is also available as the fol-

lowing technical report: LA-UR 03-2713, April 2003.

tructures, we show in this paper that such performance can

also be delivered to bandwidth-hungryhost applications via

the new 10GbE network interface card (or adapter) from

Intel



. We ﬁrst begin with an architectural overview of

the adapter in Section 2. In Sections 3 and 4, we present

the testing environments and experiments for the 10GbE

adapters, respectively. Section 5 provides results and analy-

sis. In Section 6, we examine the bottlenecks that currently

impede achieving greater performance. Section 7 compares

the 10GbE results with other high-speed interconnects. Fi-

nally, we make a few concluding remarks in Section 8.

2. Architecture of a 10GbE Adapter

The world’s ﬁrst host-based 10GbE adapter, ofﬁcially

known as the Intel



PRO/10GbE LR server adapter, intro-

duces beneﬁts of 10GbE connectivity into LAN and SAN

environments, thereby accommodating the growing number

of large-scale systems and bandwidth-intensiveapplications

such as imaging and data mirroring. This ﬁrst-generation

10GbE adapter contains a 10GbE controller that is imple-

mented in a single chip and contains both the MAC and

PHY layer functions. The controller, in turn, is optimized

for servers that use the PCI and PCI-X I/O bus backplanes.

Figure 1 provides an architectural overview of the

10GbE adapter, which consists of three main components:

82597EX 10GbE controller, 512-KB of ﬂash memory, and

1310-nm serial optics. The 10GbE controller provides an

Ethernet interface that delivers high performance by pro-

viding direct access to all memory without using mapping

registers, minimizing interrupts and programmed I/O (PIO)

read access that are required to manage the device, and off-

loading the host CPU of simple tasks such as TCP check-

sum calculations.

As is common practice with high-performance adapters

such as Myricom’s Myrinet [2] and Quadrics’ QsNet [12],

the 10GbE adapter frees up host-CPU cycles by performing

certain tasks (in silicon) on behalf of the host CPU. In con-

trast to Myrinet and QsNet adapters, however, the 10GbE

Proceedings of IEEE Hot Interconnects: 11th Symposium on High-Performance

Interconnects; Palo Alto, CA, USA; August 2003.

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