旋风分离器原理与设计：英文版

旋风分离器

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"旋风分离器（英文原版）——AlexC.Hoffmann·LouisE.Stein的《Gas Cyclones and Swirl Tubes》第二版" 本书是关于旋风分离器的一本权威著作，由Prof.Dr.Alex C. Hoffmann和Dr.Louis E. Stein合作撰写。旋风分离器是一种广泛应用于工业中的机械分离设备，主要用于从气体或液体中分离固体颗粒，具有高效、操作简单等优点。书中的内容涵盖了旋风分离器的基础原理、设计方法以及实际操作，为从事相关专业领域的毕业设计和研究生提供了宝贵的参考资料。在“Principles”部分，作者深入浅出地解释了旋风分离器的工作原理。旋风分离器利用离心力来分离混合物中的颗粒，当含有颗粒的流体进入旋风分离器时，会受到旋转运动的影响，颗粒因重力和离心力的作用被甩向器壁，然后向下沉降，而较轻的气体则继续上升并从顶部排出。这一过程涉及流体力学、颗粒动力学等多个学科知识。在“Design”章节，书中详细阐述了旋风分离器的设计考虑因素，包括入口形状、直径、高度、锥度等几何参数对分离效率和压降的影响，以及材料选择、耐温耐压能力等方面的工程考量。此外，还讨论了如何通过优化设计提高分离性能，例如多级旋风分离器、组合式分离系统等复杂结构。 “Operation”部分则介绍了旋风分离器的实际操作与维护，包括启动、运行、停机步骤，以及可能出现的问题和解决方案。这部分内容对于操作人员来说具有很高的实践指导价值，能帮助他们更好地理解和应对各种工况。书中的218幅插图和14张表格进一步辅助理解，使读者能够直观地掌握旋风分离器的结构和工作状态。此书是工程师、科研人员和技术人员理解、设计和改进旋风分离器不可或缺的工具书。 "旋风分离器（英文原版）" 是一本详尽且实用的参考书籍，不仅对旋风分离器的基本理论进行了深入探讨，还提供了丰富的设计实例和操作经验，对于提升相关领域的专业素养具有重要意义。

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XVIII Acknowledgments

side; Gloria, Erik and Andrea on Alex’s, who relinquished an untold number

of hours with us to make this book possible.

All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made

that was made. (John 1:3)

Alex C. Hoﬀmann

Louis E. Stein

About the Authors

Alex C. Hoﬀmann is of Danish nationality. He graduated with a Ph.D.

from UCL in 1983 in high pressure ﬂuidization. During his studies he worked

one year for UOP oil products in Chicago. He worked for three years as a

post-doctoral research fellow at Surrey University, stationed at Separation

Processes Services at Harwell, acting as Research Engineer and Industrial

Consultant in cyclone technology and gas cleaning. In 1987 he moved to the

University of Groningen in the Netherlands as a Lecturer and, later, Senior

Lecturer. In 2001 he started as Professor in Multiphase Systems at the De-

partment of Physics and Technology at the University of Bergen, Norway.

Professor Hoﬀmann has carried out a number of research projects in collab-

oration with processing industry, mainly the oil and gas industry, specializing

in particle and multiphase technology. He is the author of more than 110 sci-

entiﬁc articles, two scientiﬁc/technical monographs and he has two patents to

his name. He used to play the classical guitar, but now mostly makes furniture

or works in his garden in Norway in his spare time. He is married to Gloria

and has two children.

Louis E. Stein graduated with a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the

University of Houston in 1974. After graduating he worked as a post-doctoral

research fellow at the University of Utah, as a NASA Engineering Aide, and

as a process engineer at the Sinclair Reﬁnery, Pasadena Texas. During the

period 1970–74, he held the post of Chemical Engineering Instructor at the

University of Houston. After an interval as Research Engineer at Envirotech,

Salt Lake City, he joined Shell in 1975 and, after several promotions, and

numerous company awards, retired in 1999 as a Senior Staﬀ Process Engineer.

He remains active as a Separations and Fluid Flow Consultant to industry and

as Fluid Mechanics Lead Instructor for Shell.

Dr Stein has eight patents to his name and has held the Presidency of

the South Texas Chapter of the International Filtration Society. His interests

include math and science tutoring, guitar playing and building and repairing

personal computers. He is married to Doris and has 3 children and 2 grand-

children.

XXII Contents

3.2 SeparationEﬃciency..................................... 51

3.2.1 OverallSeparationEﬃciency ....................... 51

3.2.2 Grade-Eﬃciency .................................. 51

3.2.3 Converting Between Overall Eﬃciency and Cut-size. . . . 54

3.3 PressureDrop........................................... 54

3.A Worked Example: Calculating a Grade-Eﬃciency Curve . . . . . . 56

4 Cyclone Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop .................. 59

4.1 Discussion ............................................. 59

4.1.1 FlowPattern ..................................... 60

4.1.2 PressureDrop .................................... 61

4.2 Modelsfor theFlowPattern.............................. 64

4.2.1 n-TypeModel..................................... 65

4.2.2 Barth............................................ 66

4.3 Modelsfor thePressureDrop ............................ 70

4.3.1 Models Based on Estimating the Dissipative Loss . . . . . . 71

4.3.2 CoreModel....................................... 72

4.3.3 PurelyEmpiricalModels ........................... 77

4.4 ModelAssumptions inLight ofCFDandExperiment ........ 78

4.5 Overview............................................... 82

4.A Worked Example for Calculating Cyclone Pressure Drop. . . . . . 83

4.B The Meissner and L¨oﬄerModel ........................... 85

5 Cyclone Separation Eﬃciency.............................. 89

5.1 Discussion.............................................. 89

5.2 Models................................................. 90

5.2.1 Equilibrium-orbit Models: the Model of Barth . . . . . . . . . 90

5.2.2 Time-of-FlightModels ............................. 93

5.2.3 HybridModels.................................... 96

5.2.4 ComparingtheModels............................. 96

5.3 Comparison of Model PredictionswithExperiment. ......... 97

5.3.1 Agreement with ExperimentinGeneral .............. 97

5.3.2 A Case Study: the Eﬀect of Cyclone Length . . . . . . . . . . 98

5.4 Overview...............................................102

5.A WorkedExample,SeparationPerformance..................103

5.B Models of Dietz and of Mothes and L¨oﬄer..................106

6 The Muschelknautz Method of Modeling ..................111

6.1 BasisoftheModel.......................................112

6.2 Computation of the Inner Vortex Cut-Point, x

.............118

6.3 Computation of Eﬃciency at Low Solids Loadings . . . . . . . . . . 120

6.4 Determining ifthe MassLoading EﬀectwillOccur...........122

6.5 Overall Separation Eﬃciency when c

................122

6.6 ComputationofPressureDrop............................124

6.A ExampleProblems.......................................125

Contents XXIII

6.A.1 Data from Hoﬀmann, Peng and Postma (2001) . . . . . . . . 125

6.A.2 Data from Obermair and Staudinger (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . 128

6.A.3 Simulation of the Data from Greif (1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

6.B Incorporationofthe‘InnerFeed’ ..........................133

7 Computational Fluid Dynamics ............................139

7.1 SimulatingtheGasFlowPattern..........................140

7.1.1 SettinguptheFinite DiﬀerenceEquations............140

7.1.2 Turbulence Models ................................142

7.1.3 Simulations.......................................143

7.2 SimulatingtheParticleFlow..............................147

7.2.1 EulerianModeling.................................148

7.2.2 LagrangianParticleTracking .......................148

7.2.3 3-Dparticletracks.................................148

7.3 Some Simulations of the Gas and Particle Flow in Cyclones . . . 149

7.3.1 LES Simulations of Derksen and van den Akker . . . . . . . 149

7.3.2 SomeRemarks onCFDinCyclones .................160

7.A TransportEquations.....................................161

8 Dimensional Analysis and Scaling Rules ...................163

8.1 ClassicalDimensionalAnalysis............................164

8.1.1 SeparationEﬃciency ..............................164

8.1.2 PressureDrop ....................................167

8.2 ScalingCyclonesinPractice ..............................168

8.2.1 Approximately Constant Stk

over a Wide Range of Re168

8.2.2 Eu Only Weakly Dependent on Re ..................171

8.2.3 Someother Considerations .........................172

8.2.4 Stk-Eu Relationships..............................173

8.A InspectingtheEquationsofMotion........................176

8.A.1 EquationofMotionfortheGas .....................176

8.A.2 EquationofMotionforaParticle....................176

8.B SampleCycloneScalingCalculations.......................177

8.B.1 Inlet Velocity for Re Similarity......................177

8.B.2 PredictionfromScaleModel........................178

9 Other Factors Inﬂuencing Performance ....................183

9.1 TheEﬀectofSolidsLoading ..............................183

9.1.1 Eﬀect on Separation Eﬃciency of Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . 183

9.1.2 Models for Eﬀect on Separation Eﬃciency . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

9.1.3 Eﬀect on the Separation Eﬃciency of Swirl Tubes . . . . . 191

9.1.4 Eﬀect on the Pressure Drop of Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

9.1.5 Eﬀect on the Pressure Drop Across Swirl Tubes . . . . . . . 194

9.1.6 Computing Performance with High Loading . . . . . . . . . . 194

9.2 TheEﬀectoftheNaturalVortexLength ...................195

9.2.1 TheNatureoftheVortexEnd ......................195

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