Objective-C 4th Edition：编程入门与实践指南

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"《Objective-C编程第四版》是一本专为OC语言初学者设计的专业书籍，由技术实践专家编撰，属于InformIT开发者图书馆系列的一部分。该系列旨在为专业程序员提供独特且高质量的语言和技术参考指南，帮助他们在日常工作中提升技能。这本书的内容组织得既实用又易于理解，作者以其在编程领域的深厚经验和专业知识，确保读者能够快速掌握Objective-C语言的核心概念。本书详细讲解了Objective-C语言的基础知识，包括类和对象、消息传递、继承与多态性、内存管理以及与Cocoa框架的集成等内容。对于初学者来说，它不仅提供了理论知识，还包含了许多实例和练习，以便通过实践巩固所学。此外，书中可能还会涉及Objective-C的历史背景、设计哲学和与其他编程语言（如C和Objective-C++）的比较，帮助读者理解其在iOS和macOS开发中的重要地位。《Programming in Objective-C 4th Edition》的作者以其对编程语言的独特见解和教学技巧，使得这本书成为OC语言学习者的理想选择。与许多其他广受赞誉的书籍，如PHP & MySQL Web Development、MySQL、Linux Kernel Development、Python Essential Reference和PostgreSQL等相比，这本书同样具备权威性和实用性，能够满足不同层次程序员的需求。该书不仅可以在实体书店或在线商店购买，用户还可以通过Safari Books Online订阅服务获取电子版，方便随时随地学习。《Objective-C编程第四版》是任何想要深入理解和掌握Objective-C语言的程序员不可或缺的参考资料，无论你是刚入门的新手还是寻求进阶的专业人士，都能从中获益匪浅。"

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About the Author

Stephen Kochan is the author and coauthor of several bestselling titles on the C

language, including Programming in C (Sams, 2004), Programming in ANSI C (Sams, 1994),

and To p i c s i n C P r o g ra m m i n g (Wiley, 1991), and several Unix titles, including Exploring

the Unix System (Sams, 1992) and Unix Shell Programming (Sams, 2003). He has been

programming on Macintosh computers since the introduction of the first Mac in 1984,

and he wrote Programming C for the Mac as part of the Apple Press Library. In 2003

Kochan wrote Programming in Objective-C (Sams, 2003), and followed that with another

Mac-related title, Beginning AppleScript (Wiley, 2004).

About the Technical Reviewers

We n d y Mu i is a programmer and software development manager in the San Francisco

Bay Area. After learning Objective-C from the second edition of Steve Kochan’s book,

she landed a job at Bump Technologies, where she put her programming skills to good

use working on the client app and the API/SDK for Bump’s third-party developers.

Prior to her iOS experience,Wendy spent her formative years at Sun and various other

tech companies in Silicon Valley and San Francisco. She got hooked on programming

while earning a B.A. in Mathematics from University of California Berkeley.When not

working, Wendy is pursuing her 4th Dan Tae Kwon Do black belt.

Michael Trent has been programming in Objective-C since 1997—and programming

Macs since well before that. He is a regular contributor to Steven Frank’s cocoadev.com

website, a technical reviewer for numerous books and magazine articles, and an occasional

dabbler in Mac OS X open-source projects. Currently, he is using Objective-C and

Apple Computer’s Cocoa frameworks to build professional video applications for Mac

OS X. Michael holds a Bachelor of Science degree in computer science and a Bachelor

of Arts degree in music from Beloit College of Beloit,Wisconsin. He lives in Santa

Clara, California, with his lovely wife, Angela.

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Introduction

Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Laboratories pioneered the C programming language in

the early 1970s. However, this programming language did not begin to gain widespread

popularity and support until the late 1970s.This was because, until that time, C compilers

were not readily available for commercial use outside of Bell Laboratories. Initially, this

growth in popularity was also partly spurred by the equal, if not faster, growth in popular-

ity of the UNIX operating system, which was written almost entirely in C.

Brad J. Cox designed the Objective-C language in the early 1980s.The language was

based on a language called SmallTalk-80. Objective-C was layered on top of the C lan-

guage, meaning that extensions were added to C to create a new programming language

that enabled objects to be created and manipulated.

NeXT Software licensed the Objective-C language in 1988 and developed its libraries

and a development environment called NEXTSTEP. In 1992, Objective-C support was

added to the Free Software Foundation’s GNU development environment.The copy-

rights for all Free Software Foundation (FSF) products are owned by the FSF. It is released

under the GNU General Public License.

In 1994, NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems released a standardized specification

of the NEXTSTEP system, called OPENSTEP.The Free Software Foundation’s imple-

mentation of OPENSTEP is called GNUStep.A Linux version, which also includes the

Linux kernel and the GNUStep development environment, is called, appropriately

enough, LinuxSTEP.

On December 20, 1996,Apple Computer announced that it was acquiring NeXT

Software, and the NEXTSTEP/OPENSTEP environment became the basis for the next

major release of Apple’s operating system, OS X. Apple’s version of this development

environment was called Cocoa.With built-in support for the Objective-C language, cou-

pled with development tools such as Project Builder (or its successor Xcode) and Inter-

face Builder,Apple created a powerful development environment for application

development on Mac OS X.

In 2007,Apple released an update to the Objective-C language and labeled it Objective-

C 2.0.That version of the language formed the basis for the second edition of the book.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

When the iPhone was released in 2007, developers clamored for the opportunity to

develop applications for this revolutionary device. At first,Apple did not welcome third-

party application development.The company’s way of placating wannabe iPhone devel-

opers was to allow them to develop web-based applications. A web-based application

runs under the iPhone’s built-in Safari web browser and requires the user to connect to

the website that hosts the application in order to run it. Developers were not satisfied

with the many inherent limitations of web-based applications, and Apple shortly there-

after announced that developers would be able to develop so-called native applications for

the iPhone.

A native application is one that resides on the iPhone and runs under the iPhone’s

operating system, in the same way that the iPhone’s built-in applications (such as Con-

tacts, Stocks, and Weather) run on the device.The iPhone’s OS is actually a version of

Mac OS X, which meant that applications could be developed and debugged on a Mac-

Book Pro, for example. In fact,Apple soon provided a powerful Software Development

Kit (SDK) that allowed for rapid iPhone application development and debugging.The

availability of an iPhone simulator made it possible for developers to debug their applica-

tions directly on their development system, obviating the need to download and test the

program on an actual iPhone or iPod Touch device.

With the introduction of the iPad in 2010, Apple started to genericize the terminol-

ogy used for the operating system and the SDK that now support different devices with

different physical sizes and screen resolutions.The iOS SDK allows you to develop appli-

cations for any iOS device and as of this writing, iOS 5 is the current release of the oper-

ating system.

What You Will Learn from This Book

When I contemplated writing a tutorial on Objective-C, I had to make a fundamental

decision.As with other texts on Objective-C, I could write mine to assume that the

reader already knew how to write C programs. I could also teach the language from the

perspective of using the rich library of routines, such as the Foundation and UIKit

frameworks. Some texts also take the approach of teaching how to use the development

tools, such as the Mac’s Xcode and the tool formerly known as Interface Builder to

design the UI.

I had several problems adopting this approach. First, learning the entire C language

before learning Objective-C is wrong. C is a procedural language containing many features

that are not necessary for programming in Objective-C, especially at the novice level. In

fact, resorting to some of these features goes against the grain of adhering to a good

object-oriented programming methodology. It’s also not a good idea to learn all the

details of a procedural language before learning an object-oriented one.This starts the

programmer in the wrong direction, and gives the wrong orientation and mindset for fos-

tering a good object-oriented programming style. Just because Objective-C is an exten-

sion to the C language doesn’t mean you have to learn C first.

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How This Book Is Organized

So I decided neither to teach C first nor to assume prior knowledge of the language.

Instead, I decided to take the unconventional approach of teaching Objective-C and the

underlying C language as a single integrated language, from an object-oriented program-

ming perspective.The purpose of this book is as its name implies: to teach you how to

program in Objective-C. It does not profess to teach you in detail how to use the devel-

opment tools that are available for entering and debugging programs, or to provide in-

depth instructions on how to develop interactive graphical applications.You can learn all

that material in greater detail elsewhere, after you’ve learned how to write programs in

Objective-C. In fact, mastering that material will be much easier when you have a solid

foundation of how to program in Objective-C.This book does not assume much, if any,

previous programming experience. In fact, if you’re a novice programmer, with some

dedication and hard work you should be able to learn Objective-C as your first program-

ming language. Other readers have been successful at this, based on the feedback I’ve

received from the previous editions of this book.

This book teaches Objective-C by example.As I present each new feature of the lan-

guage, I usually provide a small complete program example to illustrate the feature. Just as

a picture is worth a thousand words, so is a properly chosen program example.You are

strongly encouraged to run each program (all of which are available online) and compare

the results obtained on your system to those shown in the text. By doing so, you will

learn the language and its syntax, but you will also become familiar with the process of

compiling and running Objective-C programs.

How This Book Is Organized

This book is divided into three logical parts. Part I,“The Objective-C Language,” teaches

the essentials of the language. Part II, “The Foundation Framework,” teaches how to use

the rich assortment of predefined classes that form the Foundation framework. Part III,

“Cocoa, Cocoa Touch, and the iOS SDK,” gives you an overview of the Cocoa and

Cocoa Touch frameworks and then walks you through the process of developing a simple

iOS application using the iOS SDK.

A framework is a set of classes and routines that have been logically grouped together to

make developing programs easier. Much of the power of programming in Objective-C

rests on the extensive frameworks that are available.

Chapter 2,“Programming in Objective-C,” begins by teaching you how to write your

first program in Objective-C.

Because this is not a book on Cocoa or iOS programming, graphical user interfaces

(GUIs) are not extensively taught and are hardly even mentioned until Part III. So an

approach was needed to get input into a program and produce output. Most of the exam-

ples in this text take input from the keyboard and produce their output in a window

pane: a Terminal window if you’re using the command line, or a debug output pane if

you’re using Xcode.

Chapter 3,“Classes, Objects, and Methods,” covers the fundamentals of object-oriented

programming.This chapter introduces some terminology, but it’s kept to a minimum. I

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