OpenGL ES 2.0编程指南：WebGL深度解析

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"OpenGL ES 2.0 Programming Guide 是一本针对WebGL开发的好书，由Aaftab Munshi、Dan Ginsburg和Dave Shreiner合著，详细讲解了OpenGL ES 2.0的编程技术。" OpenGL ES 2.0是OpenGL的一个轻量级版本，主要用于嵌入式设备如智能手机和平板电脑的图形处理。它引入了基于着色器的模型，使得开发者可以更灵活地控制图形渲染过程。相比于OpenGL ES 1.x，2.0版本的一个重大变革是移除了固定功能管道，转而支持可编程的顶点和片段着色器。 1. **着色语言GLSL**：OpenGL ES 2.0引入了GLSL（OpenGL Shading Language），这是一种专门用于编写顶点和片段着色器的高级语言。开发者可以通过GLSL编写自己的计算逻辑，实现复杂的光照效果、纹理映射等图形特效。 2. **顶点着色器**：在OpenGL ES 2.0中，顶点着色器负责处理几何数据，包括坐标变换、光照计算和视口转换。开发者可以自定义顶点着色器来改变顶点的位置、颜色和法线，以实现动态效果。 3. **片段着色器**：片段着色器运行在每个像素上，用于确定像素的颜色。它可以进行纹理采样、混合、颜色操作以及深度测试等，创造出丰富的图像效果。 4. **纹理映射**：OpenGL ES 2.0支持2D、3D纹理以及各种纹理过滤模式，使开发者能够将复杂的图像贴图到3D模型表面，提升视觉效果。 5. **帧缓冲对象（Frame Buffer Objects, FBOs）**：FBO允许开发者创建离屏渲染目标，可以用于多重渲染、后期处理效果，如雾化、抗锯齿、环境光遮蔽等。 6. **顶点数组和顶点缓冲对象（Vertex Array Objects, VAOs）**：这些特性提高了批量渲染的效率，允许一次性上传大量顶点数据并重复使用，减少了API调用次数。 7. **深度测试和模板测试**：这两种测试确保了3D场景的正确绘制顺序，避免了物体穿插或丢失的现象。 8. **混合（Blending）**：OpenGL ES 2.0支持混合功能，允许将新绘制的像素与已存在像素进行透明混合，创建出半透明效果。 9. **状态管理**：OpenGL ES 2.0提供了大量的状态设置，如视口大小、深度测试、混合模式等，开发者需要谨慎管理这些状态以优化性能。 10. **错误检查和调试**：OpenGL ES 2.0提供了错误查询函数，帮助开发者检测和定位程序中的错误。本书《OpenGL ES 2.0 Programming Guide》将深入讲解以上这些概念，并提供实际代码示例，指导读者如何利用OpenGL ES 2.0开发高性能的3D图形应用，尤其对于WebGL开发者来说是一份宝贵的参考资料。书中不仅包含理论知识，还包含实践技巧和最佳实践，有助于读者提升在图形编程领域的专业技能。

List of Examples

Example 1-1 A Vertex Shader Example.......................................................6

Example 1-2 A Fragment Shader Example..................................................9

Example 2-1 Hello Triangle Example .......................................................21

Example 3-1 Initializing EGL....................................................................36

Example 3-2 Specifying EGL Attributes....................................................42

Example 3-3 Querying EGL Surface Configurations ................................42

Example 3-4 Creating an EGL Window Surface .......................................45

Example 3-5 Creating an EGL Pixel Buffer ...............................................48

Example 3-6 Creating an EGL Context ....................................................51

Example 3-7 A Complete Routine for Creating an EGL Window ............52

Example 3-8 Creating a Window Using the ESutil Library....................54

Example 4-1 Loading a Shader..................................................................61

Example 4-2 Create, Attach Shaders to, and Link a Program...................66

Example 4-3 Querying for Active Uniforms ............................................71

Example 4-4 Querying for Whether a Shader Compiler is Available.......74

Example 5-1 Sample Vertex Shader ..........................................................90

Example 5-2 Vertex and Fragment Shader with Matching Varying

Declarations ......................................................................... 91

Example 6-1 Array of Structures ............................................................. 105

Example 6-2 Structure of Arrays .............................................................106

Example 6-3 Using Constant and Vertex Array Attributes..................... 109

Example 6-4 Creating and Binding Vertex Buffer Objects .....................116

Example 6-5 Drawing with and without Vertex Buffer Objects.............120

Example 6-6 Drawing with a Buffer Object per Attribute ......................122

Example 8-1 A Simple Vertex Shader .....................................................160

Example 8-2 Directional Light................................................................162

xvi List of Examples

Example 8-3 Spot Light........................................................................... 165

Example 8-4 Sphere Map Texture Coordinate Generation .................... 167

Example 8-5 Cube Map Texture Coordinate Generation....................... 167

Example 8-6 Vertex Skinning Shader with No Check to

See If Matrix Weight = 0.................................................... 169

Example 8-7 Vertex Skinning Shader with Checks to See

If Matrix Weight = 0 .......................................................... 171

Example 8-8 OpenGL ES 1.1 Fixed Function Vertex Pipeline................ 173

Example 9-1 Generating a Texture Object, Binding It, and

Loading Image Data........................................................... 187

Example 9-2 Loading a 2D Mipmap Chain............................................ 189

Example 9-3 Vertex and Fragment Shader for Performing

2D Texturing...................................................................... 196

Example 9-4 Loading a Cubemap Texture ............................................. 198

Example 9-5 Vertex and Fragment Shader Pair for Cubemap

Texturing ........................................................................... 200

Example 10-1 Multitexture Fragment Shader .......................................... 223

Example 10-2 Vertex Shader for Computing Distance to Eye ................. 225

Example 10-3 Fragment Shader for Rendering Linear Fog....................... 226

Example 10-4 Fragment Shader for Alpha Test Using Discard................. 228

Example 10-5 User Clip Plane Vertex Shader........................................... 230

Example 10-6 User Clip Plane Fragment Shader ..................................... 231

Example 12-1 Render to Texture .............................................................. 271

Example 12-2 Render to Depth Texture ................................................... 274

Example 13-1 Per-Fragment Lighting Vertex Shader ............................... 282

Example 13-2 Per-Fragment Lighting Fragment Shader........................... 283

Example 13-3 Environment Mapping Vertex Shader............................... 287

Example 13-4 Environment Mapping Fragment Shader.......................... 288

Example 13-5 Particle System Vertex Shader ........................................... 291

Example 13-6 Update Function for Particle System Sample .................... 292

Example 13-7 Particle System Fragment Shader....................................... 293

Example 13-8 Draw Function for Particle System Sample ....................... 294

Example 13-9 Blur Fragment Shader ........................................................ 297

Example 13-10 Projective Texturing Vertex Shader................................... 304

Example 13-11 Projective Texturing Fragment Shader .............................. 306

xix

List of Tables

Table 1-1 EGL Data Types.................................................................... 14

Table 1-2 OpenGL ES Command Suffixes and Argument

Data Types............................................................................15

Table 1-3 OpenGL ES Basic Error Codes..............................................16

Table 3-1 EGLConfig Attributes...........................................................40

Table 3-2 Attributes for Window Creating Using

eglCreateWindowSurface..................................................44

Table 3-3 Possible Errors When eglCreateWindowSurface Fails ...... 45

Table 3-4 EGL Pixel Buffer Attributes ..................................................47

Table 3-5 Possible Errors When eglCreatePbufferSurface Fails ....48

Table 3-6 Attributes for Context Creation Using

eglCreateContext..............................................................51

Table 5-1 Data Types in the OpenGL ES Shading Language...............78

Table 5-2 OpenGL ES Shading Language Operators ...........................84

Table 5-3 OpenGL ES Shading Language Qualifiers............................85

Table 5-4 Extension Behaviors............................................................. 93

Table 6-1 Data Conversions...............................................................108

Table 6-2 Buffer Usage .......................................................................118

Table 9-1 Texture Base Formats ......................................................... 182

Table 9-2 Texture Wrap Modes..........................................................194

Table 9-3 Mapping of Texture Formats to Colors ............................. 198

Table 9-4 Valid Format Conversions for glCopyTex*Image2D......... 207

Table 10-1 OpenGL ES 1.1 RGB Combine Functions.......................... 217

Table 11-1 Fragment Test Enable Tokens ............................................ 239

Table 11-2 Stencil Operations..............................................................241

Table 11-3 Blending Functions............................................................247

Table 14-1 Implementation-Dependent State Queries........................325

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