使用C语言，已知由一个线性链表表示的线性表中含有三类字符的数据元素（如：字母字 符、数字字符和其他字符），试编写算法将该线性链表分割为三个循环链表，其中每个循环 链表表示的线性表中均只含一类字符。

思路：

- 遍历原链表，将不同类型的节点分别插入对应类型的循环链表中
- 最后将三个循环链表合并成一个线性链表

代码实现：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// 链表节点
typedef struct ListNode {
    char data;
    struct ListNode *next;
} ListNode;

// 循环链表
typedef struct {
    ListNode *head;
    ListNode *tail;
} CircularList;

// 初始化循环链表
void initCircularList(CircularList *list) {
    list->head = NULL;
    list->tail = NULL;
}

// 插入节点到循环链表尾部
void insertNode(CircularList *list, char data) {
    ListNode *node = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
    node->data = data;
    node->next = NULL;

    if (list->head == NULL) {
        list->head = node;
        list->tail = node;
        node->next = list->head;
    } else {
        list->tail->next = node;
        list->tail = node;
        node->next = list->head;
    }
}

// 合并三个循环链表为一个线性链表
ListNode *mergeLists(CircularList *list1, CircularList *list2, CircularList *list3) {
    ListNode *head = NULL, *tail = NULL;

    // 拼接第一个循环链表
    if (list1->head != NULL) {
        head = list1->head;
        tail = list1->tail;
        tail->next = NULL;
    }

    // 拼接第二个循环链表
    if (list2->head != NULL) {
        if (tail == NULL) {
            head = list2->head;
            tail = list2->tail;
        } else {
            tail->next = list2->head;
            tail = list2->tail;
        }
        tail->next = NULL;
    }

    // 拼接第三个循环链表
    if (list3->head != NULL) {
        if (tail == NULL) {
            head = list3->head;
            tail = list3->tail;
        } else {
            tail->next = list3->head;
            tail = list3->tail;
        }
        tail->next = NULL;
    }

    return head;
}

// 分割链表为三个循环链表
void splitList(ListNode *head, CircularList *list1, CircularList *list2, CircularList *list3) {
    ListNode *node = head;
    while (node != NULL) {
        char data = node->data;
        ListNode *nextNode = node->next;

        if (data >= 'a' && data <= 'z' || data >= 'A' && data <= 'Z') {
            // 字母字符
            insertNode(list1, data);
        } else if (data >= '0' && data <= '9') {
            // 数字字符
            insertNode(list2, data);
        } else {
            // 其他字符
            insertNode(list3, data);
        }

        node = nextNode;
    }
}

// 打印链表
void printList(ListNode *head) {
    ListNode *node = head;
    while (node != NULL) {
        printf("%c ", node->data);
        node = node->next;
    }
    printf("\n");
}

int main() {
    // 构造线性链表
    ListNode *head = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
    head->data = 'a';
    head->next = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
    head->next->data = '1';
    head->next->next = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
    head->next->next->data = '*';
    head->next->next->next = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
    head->next->next->next->data = 'B';
    head->next->next->next->next = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
    head->next->next->next->next->data = 'c';
    head->next->next->next->next->next = NULL;

    // 分割链表为三个循环链表
    CircularList list1, list2, list3;
    initCircularList(&list1);
    initCircularList(&list2);
    initCircularList(&list3);
    splitList(head, &list1, &list2, &list3);

    // 合并三个循环链表为一个线性链表
    ListNode *newHead = mergeLists(&list1, &list2, &list3);

    // 打印新链表
    printList(newHead);

    return 0;
}

输出结果：

a B c 1 *