python 开发一个 华容道

好的，下面是一个简单的 Python 实现华容道的代码，仅供参考：

import copy

# 棋盘类
class Board:
    def __init__(self, board):
        self.board = board
        self.empty_pos = None
        self.find_empty_pos()
        
    # 找到空位置
    def find_empty_pos(self):
        for i in range(4):
            for j in range(4):
                if self.board[i][j] == 0:
                    self.empty_pos = (i, j)
                    return
            
    # 移动
    def move(self, direction):
        if direction == 'up':
            if self.empty_pos[0] == 0:
                return False
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1]] = self.board[self.empty_pos[0] - 1][self.empty_pos[1]]
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0] - 1][self.empty_pos[1]] = 0
            self.empty_pos = (self.empty_pos[0] - 1, self.empty_pos[1])
            return True
        elif direction == 'down':
            if self.empty_pos[0] == 3:
                return False
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1]] = self.board[self.empty_pos[0] + 1][self.empty_pos[1]]
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0] + 1][self.empty_pos[1]] = 0
            self.empty_pos = (self.empty_pos[0] + 1, self.empty_pos[1])
            return True
        elif direction == 'left':
            if self.empty_pos[1] == 0:
                return False
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1]] = self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1] - 1]
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1] - 1] = 0
            self.empty_pos = (self.empty_pos[0], self.empty_pos[1] - 1)
            return True
        elif direction == 'right':
            if self.empty_pos[1] == 3:
                return False
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1]] = self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1] + 1]
            self.board[self.empty_pos[0]][self.empty_pos[1] + 1] = 0
            self.empty_pos = (self.empty_pos[0], self.empty_pos[1] + 1)
            return True
        else:
            return False
        
    # 判断是否完成
    def is_finished(self):
        for i in range(4):
            for j in range(4):
                if i == 3 and j > 1:
                    break
                if self.board[i][j] != i * 4 + j + 1:
                    return False
        return True

# 求解类
class Solver:
    def __init__(self, board):
        self.board = board
        self.steps = []
        self.visited = set()
        self.directions = ['up', 'down', 'left', 'right']
        
    # 调用 DFS 求解
    def solve(self):
        self.DFS(self.board)
        return self.steps
    
    # DFS 求解
    def DFS(self, board):
        if board.is_finished():
            return True
        self.visited.add(str(board.board))
        for direction in self.directions:
            new_board = copy.deepcopy(board)
            if new_board.move(direction):
                if str(new_board.board) not in self.visited:
                    if self.DFS(new_board):
                        self.steps.append(direction)
                        return True
        return False

# 测试
if __name__ == '__main__':
    board = Board([[1, 2, 3, 4],
                   [5, 6, 7, 8],
                   [9, 10, 0, 12],
                   [13, 14, 11, 15]])
    solver = Solver(board)
    steps = solver.solve()
    print(steps)

上面的代码中，我们定义了一个棋盘类 `Board` 和一个求解类 `Solver`。其中，棋盘类封装了棋盘的状态和移动方法，求解类则用 DFS 实现了求解华容道的算法。最后，在 `main` 函数中，我们构造了一个棋盘，并用求解类求解出了步骤。