def add_noise(image, epsilon, k): f = np.fft.fft2(image) fshift = np.fft.fftshift(f) rows, cols = image.shape b = laplas(fshift, epsilon, k) # print(b) p = 0.5 noise = np.random.laplace(scale=b, size=(rows, cols)) + np.mean(f) * p image_noise = fshift + noise f_ishift = np.fft.ifftshift(image_noise) image_back = np.fft.ifft2(f_ishift) image_back = np.real(image_back) return image_back def laplas(FIM, epsilon, k): FIM_k = FIM[:k, :k] sensitivity = np.abs(FIM_k) / np.sqrt(epsilon) sensitivity2 = np.abs(FIM) / np.sqrt(epsilon) scale = sensitivity2 / epsilon delta_f = np.max(np.sqrt(np.real(FIM[:k, :k]) ** 2 + np.imag(FIM[:k, :k]) ** 2)) - np.min( np.sqrt(np.real(FIM[:k, :k]) ** 2 + np.imag(FIM[:k, :k]) ** 2)) c = delta_f / epsilon d = delta_f * math.sqrt(2 * math.log(1.2 / 0.1)) / epsilon return d def add_noisy_image(): image = cv2.imread("image.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) image = cv2.resize(image, (128, 128), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) epsilon = 0.3 k = 50 image_back = add_noise(image, epsilon, k) im = cv2.resize(image_back, (47, 62), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) image_back = np.uint8(im) cv2.imwrite("face_privacy.jpg", image_back) return image_back

gm11_GM11_K._预测模型_灰色预测模型_prediction_

%对x做k步灰色预测。一般来说灰色预测模型只能...%输入参数x0为所求序列，k为步数，默认k=1%输出参数yuce4为预测结果，epsilon为预测残差。%%杨恂怿 2020.8.17%第一版%做中长期预测请使用残差序列模型和新陈代谢模型。

Main_SVR_Epsilon.rar_EPSILON_SV_matlab epsilon_one class_svr的eps

One-Class支持向量机工具箱中程序均在Matlab6.5环境中调试通过，不能保证在Matlab其它版本正确运行

number-epsilon:ES2015编号.EPSILON ponyfill

def add_noise(image, epsilon, k): # 添加拉普拉斯噪声 # 进行离散傅里叶变换 f = np.fft.fft2(image) # 将零频率分量移到频谱中心 fshift = np.fft.fftshift(f) rows, cols = image.shape b = laplas(fshift, epsilon, k) # print(b) p = 0.5 noise = np.random.laplace(scale=b, size=(rows, cols)) + np.mean(f) * p # noise = np.random.laplace(0, 1/b, (rows, cols)) image_noise = fshift + noise f_ishift = np.fft.ifftshift(image_noise) # 进行逆离散傅里叶变换 image_back = np.fft.ifft2(f_ishift) image_back = np.real(image_back) return image_back def laplas(FIM, epsilon, k): FIM_k = FIM[:k, :k] # 给定隐私预算 epsilon # 计算给定隐私预算时的拉普拉斯机制的参数的最小值 # 计算每个系数的灵敏度 sensitivity = np.abs(FIM_k) / np.sqrt(epsilon) sensitivity2 = np.abs(FIM) / np.sqrt(epsilon) scale = sensitivity2 / epsilon # 计算拉普拉斯机制的参数 # 计算前 k×k 个 DFT 系数的最大值和最小值之差 delta_f = np.max(np.sqrt(np.real(FIM[:k, :k]) 2 + np.imag(FIM[:k, :k]) 2)) - np.min( np.sqrt(np.real(FIM[:k, :k]) 2 + np.imag(FIM[:k, :k]) 2)) # 计算拉普拉斯噪声的尺度参数 c = delta_f / epsilon d = delta_f * math.sqrt(2 * math.log(1.25 / 0.1)) / epsilon # a = np.min(sensitivity) / (epsilon * k**2) return d def add_noisy_image(): # 读取人脸图像 image = cv2.imread("image.jpg", cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) image = cv2.resize(image, (128, 128), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) # 进行离散傅里叶变换 epsilon = 0.3 k = 50 image_back = add_noise(image, epsilon, k) im = cv2.resize(image_back, (47, 62), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) # 将图像转换为整型并保存 image_back = np.uint8(im) cv2.imwrite("face_privacy.jpg", image_back) return image_back

def add_noise(image, epsilon, k): f = np.fft.fft2(image) fshift = np.fft.fftshift(f) rows, cols = image.shape b = laplas(fshift, epsilon, k) p = 0.5 noise = np.random.laplace(scale=b, size=...

def add_noisy_image(image_path, output_path, epsilon=0.3, k=50): # 读取图片并调整大小 image = cv2.imread(image_path, cv2.IMREAD_GRAYSCALE) image = cv2.resize(image, (128, 128), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) # 对图片添加噪声 f = np.fft.fft2(image) fshift = np.fft.fftshift(f) rows, cols = image.shape FIM = fshift FIM_k = FIM[:k, :k] delta_f = np.max(np.sqrt(np.real(FIM[:k, :k]) 2 + np.imag(FIM[:k, :k]) 2)) - np.min(np.sqrt(np.real(FIM[:k, :k]) 2 + np.imag(FIM[:k, :k]) 2)) c = delta_f / epsilon d = delta_f * math.sqrt(2 * math.log(1.2 / 0.1)) / epsilon sensitivity = np.abs(FIM_k) / np.sqrt(epsilon) sensitivity2 = np.abs(FIM) / np.sqrt(epsilon) scale = sensitivity2 / epsilon b = d * scale p = 0.5 noise = np.random.laplace(scale=b, size=(rows, cols)) + np.mean(f) * p image_noise = fshift + noise f_ishift = np.fft.ifftshift(image_noise) image_back = np.fft.ifft2(f_ishift) image_back = np.real(image_back) # 调整大小并保存图片 im = cv2.resize(image_back, (47, 62), interpolation=cv2.INTER_LINEAR) image_back = np.uint8(im) cv2.imwrite(output_path, image_back) return image_back

3. 根据输入参数 $k$，取频率域信息的前 $k$ 个系数，计算其振幅差值 $\delta_f$。 4. 根据输入参数 $\epsilon$ 计算参数 $c$ 和 $d$。 5. 计算灵敏度 $sensitivity$ 和 $sensitivity2$。 6. 计算噪声的尺度 $scale$...

改进代码，def take_action( s): # 选取下一步的操作 if np.random.random() < epsilon: action = np.random.randint(n_action) # def take_action(self, s): # 选取下一步的操作 # (x0,y0)=s0 # a0为向下，a1为向上，a2为向左，a3为向右 # change = [[0, -step], [0, step], [-step, 0], [step, 0]] # F_actions = [] else: change = [[0, -step_action], [0, step_action], [-step_action, 0], [step_action, 0]] F_actions = [] for i in range(4): next_state_action = np.array(s[0]) + np.array(change[i]) # 有点问题np.array把列表转为数组 (x1, y1) = next_state_action F_next_state__actions = x1 2 + y1 2 F_actions.append(F_next_state__actions) action = np.argmin(F_actions) print('动作值', F_actions) print('动作：', action) return action

if np.random.random() < epsilon: action = np.random.randint(n_action) else: change = [[0, -step_action], [0, step_action], [-step_action, 0], [step_action, 0]] F_actions = [] for i in range(4): ...

import akshare as ak import numpy as np import pandas as pd import random import matplotlib.pyplot as plt class StockTradingEnv: def init(self): self.df = ak.stock_zh_a_daily(symbol='sh000001', adjust="qfq").iloc[::-1] self.observation_space = self.df.shape[1] self.action_space = 3 self.reset() def reset(self): self.current_step = 0 self.total_profit = 0 self.done = False self.state = self.df.iloc[self.current_step].values return self.state def step(self, action): assert self.action_space.contains(action) if action == 0: # 买入 self.buy_stock() elif action == 1: # 卖出 self.sell_stock() else: # 保持不变 pass self.current_step += 1 if self.current_step >= len(self.df) - 1: self.done = True else: self.state = self.df.iloc[self.current_step].values reward = self.get_reward() self.total_profit += reward return self.state, reward, self.done, {} def buy_stock(self): pass def sell_stock(self): pass def get_reward(self): pass class QLearningAgent: def init(self, state_size, action_size): self.state_size = state_size self.action_size = action_size self.epsilon = 1.0 self.epsilon_min = 0.01 self.epsilon_decay = 0.995 self.learning_rate = 0.1 self.discount_factor = 0.99 self.q_table = np.zeros((self.state_size, self.action_size)) def act(self, state): if np.random.rand() <= self.epsilon: return random.randrange(self.action_size) else: return np.argmax(self.q_table[state, :]) def learn(self, state, action, reward, next_state, done): target = reward + self.discount_factor * np.max(self.q_table[next_state, :]) self.q_table[state, action] = (1 - self.learning_rate) * self.q_table[state, action] + self.learning_rate * target if self.epsilon > self.epsilon_min: self.epsilon *= self.epsilon_decay env = StockTradingEnv() agent = QLearningAgent(env.observation_space, env.action_space) for episode in range(1000): state = env.reset() done = False while not done: action = agent.act(state) next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action) agent.learn(state, action, reward, next_state, done) state = next_state if episode % 10 == 0: print("Episode: %d, Total Profit: %f" % (episode, env.total_profit)) agent.save_model("model-%d.h5" % episode) def plot_profit(env, title): plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6)) plt.plot(env.df.index, env.df.close, label="Price") plt.plot(env.df.index, env.profits, label="Profits") plt.legend() plt.title(title) plt.show() env = StockTradingEnv() agent = QLearningAgent(env.observation_space, env.action_space) agent.load_model("model-100.h5") state = env.reset() done = False while not done: action = agent.act(state) next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action) state = next_state plot_profit(env, "QLearning Trading Strategy")优化代码

2. 可以将 get_reward 方法中的具体实现改为直接计算当前持仓的收益。 3. 在循环训练过程中，可以记录每个 episode 的总收益，并将这些数据保存下来，在训练完成后进行可视化分析。 4. 可以添加更多的参数来控制...

import tensorflow as tf import numpy as np import gym # 创建 CartPole 游戏环境 env = gym.make('CartPole-v1') # 定义神经网络模型 model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([ tf.keras.layers.Dense(24, activation='relu', input_shape=(4,)), tf.keras.layers.Dense(24, activation='relu'), tf.keras.layers.Dense(2, activation='linear') ]) # 定义优化器和损失函数 optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam() loss_fn = tf.keras.losses.MeanSquaredError() # 定义超参数 gamma = 0.99 # 折扣因子 epsilon = 1.0 # ε-贪心策略中的初始 ε 值 epsilon_min = 0.01 # ε-贪心策略中的最小 ε 值 epsilon_decay = 0.995 # ε-贪心策略中的衰减值 batch_size = 32 # 每个批次的样本数量 memory = [] # 记忆池 # 定义动作选择函数 def choose_action(state): if np.random.rand() < epsilon: return env.action_space.sample() else: Q_values = model.predict(state[np.newaxis]) return np.argmax(Q_values[0]) # 定义经验回放函数 def replay(batch_size): batch = np.random.choice(len(memory), batch_size, replace=False) for index in batch: state, action, reward, next_state, done = memory[index] target = model.predict(state[np.newaxis]) if done: target[0][action] = reward else: Q_future = np.max(model.predict(next_state[np.newaxis])[0]) target[0][action] = reward + Q_future * gamma model.fit(state[np.newaxis], target, epochs=1, verbose=0) # 训练模型 for episode in range(1000): state = env.reset() done = False total_reward = 0 while not done: action = choose_action(state) next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action) memory.append((state, action, reward, next_state, done)) state = next_state total_reward += reward if len(memory) > batch_size: replay(batch_size) epsilon = max(epsilon_min, epsilon * epsilon_decay) print("Episode {}: Score = {}, ε = {:.2f}".format(episode, total_reward, epsilon))next_state, reward, done, _ = env.step(action) ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 4)优化代码

epsilon = max(epsilon_min, epsilon * epsilon_decay) print("Episode {}: Score = {:.2f}, ε = {:.2f}".format(episode, total_reward, epsilon)) 注意，由于 RMSprop 的学习率比 Adam 更小，因此需要将...

def act(self, state, add_noise=True): """Returns actions for given state as per current policy.根据当前策略返回给定状态的操作""" state = torch.from_numpy(state).float().to(self.device) #将状态转换为torch张量并且送到指定设备上，然后关闭Actor网络的梯度计算，并使用该网络计算出动作action assert state.shape == (state.shape[0],self.state_size), "shape: {}".format(state.shape) self.actor_local.eval() with torch.no_grad(): action = self.actor_local(state).cpu().data.numpy() self.actor_local.train() if add_noise: if self.noise_type == "ou": action += self.noise.sample() * self.epsilon else: action += self.epsilon * np.random.normal(0, scale=1) return action # np.clip(action, -1, 1)

最后，如果add_noise设置为True，则添加一些噪声来增加探索性。在这种情况下，可以使用两种类型的噪声，一种是OU噪声，另一种是高斯噪声。最终，返回的是一个动作action，这个动作可以被用于实际的环境交互。

SyntaxError: invalid syntax def take_action(self, s): #选取下一步的操作 if np.random.random() < self.epsilon: action = np.random.randint(self.n_action) # def take_action(self, s): # 选取下一步的操作 # (x0,y0)=s0 # a0为向下，a1为向上，a2为向左，a3为向右 change = [[0, -step], [0, step], [-step, 0], [step, 0]] F_actions = [] else: for i in range(4): next_state_action = s[0] + np.array(change[i]) # 有点问题np.array # print(s[0]) # print(next_state_action) (x, y) = next_state_action F_next_actions = F(x, y) F_actions.append(F_next_actions) action = np.argmax(F_actions) print('动作：',action) return action

if np.random.random() < self.epsilon: action = np.random.randint(self.n_action) else: # (x0,y0)=s0 # a0为向下，a1为向上，a2为向左，a3为向右 change = [[0, -step], [0, step], [-step, 0], [step...

def f(w, X): return np.sum((X.dot(w)**2)) / len(X) def df_math(w, X): return X.T.dot(X.dot(w)) * 2. / len(X) def df_debug(w, X, epsilon=0.0001): res = np.empty(len(w)) for i in range(len(w)): w_1 = w.copy() w_1[i] += epsilon w_2 = w.copy() w_2[i] -= epsilon res[i] = (f(w_1, X) - f(w_2, X)) / (2 * epsilon) return res def direction(w): return w / np.linalg.norm(w) def gradient_ascent(df, X, initial_w, eta, n_iters = 1e4, epsilon=1e-8): w = direction(initial_w) cur_iter = 0 while cur_iter < n_iters: gradient = df(w, X) last_w = w w = w + eta * gradient w = direction(w) # 注意1：每次求一个单位方向 if(abs(f(w, X) - f(last_w, X)) < epsilon): break cur_iter += 1 return w

其中，f(w, X)用来计算代价函数的值，df_math(w, X)用来计算代价函数的梯度，df_debug(w, X, epsilon)是用来调试df_math(w, X)函数的，direction(w)用来保证梯度向量的方向为最大增加方向，gradient_ascent(df, X, ...

y_pred = np.clip(y_pred, epsilon, 1 - epsilon)

在上面的例子中，y_pred 数组是模型的预测值，我们使用 np.clip(y_pred, epsilon, 1 - epsilon) 将其限制在 $[\epsilon, 1-\epsilon]$ 的范围内，其中 $\epsilon$ 是一个非常小的数，例如 $10^{-15}$。...

怎么解决RuntimeWarning: divide by zero encountered in log m_lr_i = np.log(np.divide(numerator, denominator, out=np.zeros_like(numerator), where=denominator != 0))

m_lr_i = np.log(np.divide(numerator + epsilon, denominator + epsilon, out=np.zeros_like(numerator), where=(denominator + epsilon) != 0)) 这里使用一个很小的数epsilon来避免出现0，同时也可以避免出现...

def fuzzy_kmeans(data, num_clusters, m, max_iter=100, epsilon=1e-4): num_samples = data.shape[0] num_features = data.shape[1] # 初始化隶属度矩阵 membership = np.random.dirichlet(np.ones(num_clusters), size=num_samples) # 迭代更新聚类中心和隶属度 for iter in range(max_iter): # 计算聚类中心 centers = np.zeros((num_clusters, num_features)) for k in range(num_clusters): centers[k] = np.sum((membership[:, k]**m).reshape(-1, 1) * data, axis=0) / np.sum(membership[:, k]m) # 计算隶属度 new_membership = np.zeros((num_samples, num_clusters)) for i in range(num_samples): for k in range(num_clusters): numerator = np.linalg.norm(data[i] - centers[k]) denominator = np.sum([(np.linalg.norm(data[i] - centers[j]) / numerator)(2 / (m - 1)) for j in range(num_clusters)]) new_membership[i, k] = 1 / denominator # 判断迭代终止条件 if np.sum(np.abs(new_membership - membership)) < epsilon: break membership = new_membership return centers, membership

这是一个模糊k-means聚类算法的Python实现。该算法使用隶属度矩阵来描述每个数据点属于每个聚类中心的隶属度程度。具体步骤如下： 1. 初始化隶属度矩阵，使用Dirichlet分布生成每个数据点属于每个聚类中心的隶属度...

sensitivity = np.abs(FIM) / np.sqrt()

在计算灵敏度时，代码中使用了np.sqrt()函数，但是函数的参数缺失，导致代码报错。 np.sqrt()函数是用于计算平方根的函数，需要在括号中指定要求平方根的数值。在这个代码中的灵敏度计算中，需要使用数据敏感度...

def fitness(self, ind_var): X = X_train y = y_train """ 个体适应值计算 """ x1 = ind_var[0] x2 = ind_var[1] x3 = ind_var[2] if x1==0:x1=0.001 if x2==0:x2=0.001 if x3==0:x3=0.001 clf = SVR(C=x1,epsilon=x2,gamma=x3) clf.fit(X, y) predictval=clf.predict(X_test) print("R2 = ",metrics.r2_score(y_test,predictval)) # R2 return metrics.r2_score(y_test,predictval)

这是一个函数，它接受一个参数ind_var，然后使用SVR算法对X_train和y_train进行拟合，并使用C、epsilon和gamma参数对模型进行调参。接下来，使用拟合模型对X_test进行预测，并计算R2得分作为适应度分数，并返回该...

def learn(self): if not self.memory.ready(): return states, actions, rewards, next_states, terminals = self.memory.sample_buffer() batch_idx = np.arange(self.batch_size) states_tensor = T.tensor(states, dtype=T.float).to(device) rewards_tensor = T.tensor(rewards, dtype=T.float).to(device) next_states_tensor = T.tensor(next_states, dtype=T.float).to(device) terminals_tensor = T.tensor(terminals).to(device) with T.no_grad(): q_ = self.q_target.forward(next_states_tensor) q_[terminals_tensor] = 0.0 target = rewards_tensor + self.gamma * T.max(q_, dim=-1)[0] q = self.q_eval.forward(states_tensor)[batch_idx, actions] loss = F.mse_loss(q, target.detach()) self.q_eval.optimizer.zero_grad() loss.backward() self.q_eval.optimizer.step() self.update_network_parameters() self.epsilon = self.epsilon - self.eps_dec if self.epsilon > self.eps_min else self.eps_min

这是一段代码，看起来是用于强化学习中的Q-learning算法的训练过程。可以看出，这段代码中包含了经验回放、更新目标网络、计算Q值、计算损失函数、反向传播、更新网络参数等步骤。其中，Q-learning算法是一种基于值...

用pyder MWMS_S(N, n, L, epsilom): X = np.array(N) I = np.identity(n) X = (I - epsilon * L)*X X.tolist() return X哪里有语法错误thon在xy轴均为-5到5的二维平面，间隔均匀的每行每列生成15个点坐标，记录到矩阵里并画出图像

def MWMS_S(N, n, L, epsilon): X = np.array(N) I = np.identity(n) X = (I - epsilon * L)*X X.tolist() return X 对于你的第二个问题，你可以使用 NumPy 中的 linspace 函数来生成均匀分布的 15 个点的...

请解释以下代码：# 根据输入观察值，采样输出的动作值，有一定概率采取随机动作（探索） def sample(self, obs): if np.random.uniform(0, 1) < (1.0 - self.epsilon): #根据table的Q值选动作 action = self.predict(obs) else: action = np.random.choice(self.act_n) #有一定概率随机探索选取一个动作 return action

如果生成的随机数大于等于1.0减去epsilon的值，则以epsilon的概率进行随机探索，通过np.random.choice(self.act_n)来从动作空间中随机选择一个动作。最后，返回选取的动作值。这样，根据epsilon-greedy策略，在...

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用pyder MWMS_S(N, n, L, epsilom): X = np.array(N) I = np.identity(n) X = (I - epsilon * L)*X X.tolist() return X哪里有语法错误thon在xy轴均为-5到5的二维平面，间隔均匀的每行每列生成15个点坐标，记录到矩阵里并画出图像

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