请用matlab gui设计一款用于演示单矩孔和圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射用户界面。 该界面能够接受的输入参数如下：菜单栏可以选择单矩孔和圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射，矩形长宽，圆孔的孔径，波长需在界面上手动输入。 该界面的演示效果应为：从菜单栏选取相应的夫琅禾费衍射时，界面刷新到相应的参数填入：矩形孔夫琅禾费衍射需矩形长宽和波长，没有圆孔孔径输入提示；圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射需有孔径大小和波长的填写，无其他参数填写提示点击运行可以出现相应的衍射演示。并给出程序和操作步骤

以下是一个简单的MATLAB GUI设计，用于演示单矩孔和圆孔的夫琅禾费衍射。

首先，在MATLAB中创建一个GUI应用程序。在GUIDE（GUI编辑器）中添加必要的UI控件，例如菜单、文本框、按钮和轴。

然后，在“菜单”下拉列表中添加“单矩孔衍射”和“圆孔衍射”选项。当用户选择其中一项时，将在GUI中显示相应的输入参数。

在“单矩孔衍射”选项下，添加两个文本框用于输入矩形的长和宽，并添加一个文本框用于输入波长。在“圆孔衍射”选项下，添加一个文本框用于输入孔径大小和一个文本框用于输入波长。

在GUI中添加一个“运行”按钮，当用户点击该按钮时，程序将根据输入参数绘制相应的夫琅禾费衍射图像。

以下是GUI的代码：

function varargout = diffraction_gui(varargin)
% DIFFRACTION_GUI MATLAB code for diffraction_gui.fig
%      DIFFRACTION_GUI, by itself, creates a new DIFFRACTION_GUI or raises the existing
%      singleton*.
%
%      H = DIFFRACTION_GUI returns the handle to a new DIFFRACTION_GUI or the handle to
%      the existing singleton*.
%
%      DIFFRACTION_GUI('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local
%      function named CALLBACK in DIFFRACTION_GUI.M with the given input arguments.
%
%      DIFFRACTION_GUI('Property','Value',...) creates a new DIFFRACTION_GUI or raises the
%      existing singleton*.  Starting from the left, property value pairs are
%      applied to the GUI before diffraction_gui_OpeningFcn gets called.  An
%      unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application
%      stop.  All inputs are passed to diffraction_gui_OpeningFcn via varargin.
%
%      *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu.  Choose "GUI allows only one
%      instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES

% Edit the above text to modify the response to help diffraction_gui

% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 19-Nov-2021 22:15:41

% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name',       mfilename, ...
                   'gui_Singleton',  gui_Singleton, ...
                   'gui_OpeningFcn', @diffraction_gui_OpeningFcn, ...
                   'gui_OutputFcn',  @diffraction_gui_OutputFcn, ...
                   'gui_LayoutFcn',  [] , ...
                   'gui_Callback',   []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
    gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end

if nargout
    [varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
    gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT


% --- Executes just before diffraction_gui is made visible.
function diffraction_gui_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject    handle to figure
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin   command line arguments to diffraction_gui (see VARARGIN)

% Choose default command line output for diffraction_gui
handles.output = hObject;

% Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);

% UIWAIT makes diffraction_gui wait for user response (see UIRESUME)
% uiwait(handles.figure1);


% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = diffraction_gui_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) 
% varargout  cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject    handle to figure
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

% Get default command line output from handles structure
varargout{1} = handles.output;


% --- Executes on selection change in diffraction_select.
function diffraction_select_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to diffraction_select (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

contents = cellstr(get(hObject,'String'));
selected_option = contents{get(hObject,'Value')};

switch selected_option
    case 'Single Rectangle Diffraction'
        set(handles.rectangle_width, 'Visible', 'on')
        set(handles.rectangle_height, 'Visible', 'on')
        set(handles.circle_diameter, 'Visible', 'off')
        
    case 'Circular Diffraction'
        set(handles.rectangle_width, 'Visible', 'off')
        set(handles.rectangle_height, 'Visible', 'off')
        set(handles.circle_diameter, 'Visible', 'on')
end

% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function diffraction_select_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to diffraction_select (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: popupmenu controls usually have a white background on Windows.
%       See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
    set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end


function rectangle_height_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to rectangle_height (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)


% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function rectangle_height_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to rectangle_height (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
%       See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
    set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end


function rectangle_width_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to rectangle_width (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)


% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function rectangle_width_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to rectangle_width (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
%       See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
    set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end


function circle_diameter_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to circle_diameter (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)


% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function circle_diameter_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to circle_diameter (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
%       See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
    set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end


function wavelength_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to wavelength (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)


% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function wavelength_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to wavelength (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called

% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
%       See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
    set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end


% --- Executes on button press in run_button.
function run_button_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject    handle to run_button (see GCBO)
% eventdata  reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles    structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

contents = cellstr(get(handles.diffraction_select,'String'));
selected_option = contents{get(handles.diffraction_select,'Value')};

wavelength = str2double(get(handles.wavelength, 'String'));

switch selected_option
    case 'Single Rectangle Diffraction'
        width = str2double(get(handles.rectangle_width, 'String'));
        height = str2double(get(handles.rectangle_height, 'String'));
        
        x = linspace(-1, 1, 100);
        y = linspace(-1, 1, 100);
        [X, Y] = meshgrid(x, y);
        rect = rectpuls(X/width).*rectpuls(Y/height);
        diffraction_pattern = (2*besselj(1, pi*sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2)/wavelength)./sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2)).^2.*abs(fftshift(fft2(rect))).^2;
        
    case 'Circular Diffraction'
        diameter = str2double(get(handles.circle_diameter, 'String'));
        
        x = linspace(-1, 1, 100);
        y = linspace(-1, 1, 100);
        [X, Y] = meshgrid(x, y);
        circle = double((X.^2 + Y.^2) <= (diameter/2)^2);
        diffraction_pattern = (2*besselj(1, pi*sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2)/wavelength)./sqrt(X.^2 + Y.^2)).^2.*abs(fftshift(fft2(circle))).^2;
end

axes(handles.diffraction_axes);
imagesc(x, y, diffraction_pattern);
colormap(gray);
axis square;
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');
title('Diffraction Pattern');

在GUIDE中，对应的UI控件标签和变量名如下：

- “选择夫琅禾费衍射类型”（diffraction_select）
- “矩形长”（rectangle_width）
- “矩形宽”（rectangle_height）
- “圆孔孔径”（circle_diameter）
- “波长”（wavelength）
- “运行”按钮（run_button）
- “衍射图像”轴（diffraction_axes）

运行该GUI应用程序，并选择相应的夫琅禾费衍射类型和输入参数，点击“运行”按钮即可绘制相应的夫琅禾费衍射图像。