What’s the relationship between signal rate, bandwidth and bit rate

The relationship between signal rate, bandwidth and bit rate can be described as follows:

- Signal rate refers to the number of signal events (such as voltage or light level changes) that occur per unit of time. It is typically measured in Hertz (Hz).
- Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies that a signal occupies. It is usually measured in Hertz (Hz) and is equal to the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of the signal.
- Bit rate refers to the number of bits that can be transmitted per unit of time. It is typically measured in bits per second (bps).

The relationship between these three parameters is given by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which states that the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted over a channel is equal to twice the signal bandwidth multiplied by the log base 2 of the number of signal levels used to represent the data. In other words, the bit rate is proportional to the signal rate and the bandwidth. Therefore, increasing either the signal rate or the bandwidth will increase the bit rate that can be transmitted over a channel.