visualize results par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 8) + 0.1) plot(coef, xvar = "lambda", label = TRUE, main = "Marginal Model") abline(v = lam, lty = 2) significant_snps <- which(abs(coef) > 0.1) points(z, col = "red", pch = 19, cex = 1.2)将上述代码转为使用ggplot2绘制的柱状图

以下是使用ggplot2绘制的柱状图代码：

library(ggplot2)

# 创建数据框
df <- data.frame(xvar = "lambda", coef = coef)

# 绘图
ggplot(df, aes(x = xvar, y = coef)) +
  geom_col(fill = "lightblue") +
  ggtitle("Marginal Model") +
  theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5)) +
  geom_vline(xintercept = lam, linetype = "dashed") +
  geom_point(data = df[abs(df$coef) > 0.1, ], aes(x = xvar, y = coef), color = "red", size = 3) +
  labs(x = "", y = "Coefficient") +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_blank(),
        axis.ticks.x = element_blank(),
        axis.line.x = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.major.x = element_blank(),
        panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank(),
        axis.title.y = element_text(margin = margin(t = 0, r = 10, b = 0, l = 0)))

说明：使用 `geom_col()` 绘制柱状图，使用 `ggtitle()` 设置标题，使用 `theme()` 调整图表主题，使用 `geom_vline()` 绘制垂直直线，使用 `geom_point()` 绘制散点图，使用 `labs()` 修改坐标轴标签，最后使用 `theme()` 再次调整图表主题。