_, predicted = torch.max(output.data, 1)什么意思

这行代码是用于在PyTorch中得到输出中每个样本的预测标签（即预测结果中最大值的索引）。其中，下划线(_)表示忽略返回的第一个值（即最大值），predicted是一个张量，表示每个样本的预测标签。具体来说，torch.max(output.data, 1)会返回output.data在第1维上的最大值和对应的索引，然后predicted就是这个索引的张量。

相关问题

LDAM损失函数pytorch代码如下：class LDAMLoss(nn.Module): def __init__(self, cls_num_list, max_m=0.5, weight=None, s=30): super(LDAMLoss, self).__init__() m_list = 1.0 / np.sqrt(np.sqrt(cls_num_list)) m_list = m_list * (max_m / np.max(m_list)) m_list = torch.cuda.FloatTensor(m_list) self.m_list = m_list assert s > 0 self.s = s if weight is not None: weight = torch.FloatTensor(weight).cuda() self.weight = weight self.cls_num_list = cls_num_list def forward(self, x, target): index = torch.zeros_like(x, dtype=torch.uint8) index_float = index.type(torch.cuda.FloatTensor) batch_m = torch.matmul(self.m_list[None, :], index_float.transpose(1,0)) # 0,1 batch_m = batch_m.view((16, 1)) # size=(batch_size, 1) (-1,1) x_m = x - batch_m output = torch.where(index, x_m, x) if self.weight is not None: output = output * self.weight[None, :] target = torch.flatten(target) # 将 target 转换成 1D Tensor logit = output * self.s return F.cross_entropy(logit, target, weight=self.weight) 模型部分参数如下：# 设置全局参数 model_lr = 1e-5 BATCH_SIZE = 16 EPOCHS = 50 DEVICE = torch.device('cuda:0' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu') use_amp = True use_dp = True classes = 7 resume = None CLIP_GRAD = 5.0 Best_ACC = 0 #记录最高得分 use_ema=True model_ema_decay=0.9998 start_epoch=1 seed=1 seed_everything(seed) # 数据增强 mixup mixup_fn = Mixup( mixup_alpha=0.8, cutmix_alpha=1.0, cutmix_minmax=None, prob=0.1, switch_prob=0.5, mode='batch', label_smoothing=0.1, num_classes=classes) 帮我用pytorch实现模型在模型训练中使用LDAM损失函数

好的，以下是使用LDAM损失函数进行模型训练的示例代码：

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
import torch.nn.functional as F
from ldam_loss import LDAMLoss # 导入LDAM损失函数

# 定义模型
class MyModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super(MyModel, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 64, 3, padding=1)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(64)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(64, 128, 3, padding=1)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(128)
        self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(128, 256, 3, padding=1)
        self.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm2d(256)
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(256 * 4 * 4, 1024)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(1024, 10)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x)))
        x = F.max_pool2d(x, 2)
        x = F.relu(self.bn2(self.conv2(x)))
        x = F.max_pool2d(x, 2)
        x = F.relu(self.bn3(self.conv3(x)))
        x = F.max_pool2d(x, 2)
        x = x.view(-1, 256 * 4 * 4)
        x = F.relu(self.fc1(x))
        x = self.fc2(x)
        return x

# 定义数据集和数据加载器
train_dataset = ... # 定义训练集
test_dataset = ... # 定义测试集
train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=16, shuffle=True)
test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(test_dataset, batch_size=16, shuffle=False)

# 定义LDAM损失函数
cls_num_list = ... # 定义每个类别的样本数量
criterion = LDAMLoss(cls_num_list, max_m=0.5, s=30)

# 定义优化器和学习率调度器
model = MyModel().to('cuda')
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=1e-3)
scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, step_size=10, gamma=0.1)

# 训练模型
for epoch in range(50):
    model.train()
    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(train_loader):
        data, target = data.to('cuda'), target.to('cuda')
        data, target_a, target_b, lam = mixup_fn(data, target)
        
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        output = model(data)
        loss = criterion(output, target_a, target_b, lam) # 使用LDAM损失函数
        loss.backward()
        nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), CLIP_GRAD) # 防止梯度爆炸
        optimizer.step()
        
    model.eval()
    with torch.no_grad():
        total = 0
        correct = 0
        for data, target in test_loader:
            data, target = data.to('cuda'), target.to('cuda')
            output = model(data)
            _, predicted = torch.max(output.data, 1)
            total += target.size(0)
            correct += (predicted == target).sum().item()
        acc = 100 * correct / total
        print('Epoch {}: Test Acc = {}%'.format(epoch+1, acc))
    
    scheduler.step()

在以上代码中，我们首先定义了一个名为`MyModel`的模型，然后定义了训练集和测试集的数据加载器。接着，我们使用LDAM损失函数来定义模型的损失函数，然后使用Adam优化器来训练模型。在每个epoch结束后，我们使用测试集来评估模型的性能，并使用学习率调度器来调整学习率。

这是对单个文件进行预测“import os import json import torch from PIL import Image from torchvision import transforms import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from model import convnext_tiny as create_model def main(): device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu") print(f"using {device} device.") num_classes = 5 img_size = 224 data_transform = transforms.Compose( [transforms.Resize(int(img_size * 1.14)), transforms.CenterCrop(img_size), transforms.ToTensor(), transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])]) # load image img_path = "../tulip.jpg" assert os.path.exists(img_path), "file: '{}' dose not exist.".format(img_path) img = Image.open(img_path) plt.imshow(img) # [N, C, H, W] img = data_transform(img) # expand batch dimension img = torch.unsqueeze(img, dim=0) # read class_indict json_path = './class_indices.json' assert os.path.exists(json_path), "file: '{}' dose not exist.".format(json_path) with open(json_path, "r") as f: class_indict = json.load(f) # create model model = create_model(num_classes=num_classes).to(device) # load model weights model_weight_path = "./weights/best_model.pth" model.load_state_dict(torch.load(model_weight_path, map_location=device)) model.eval() with torch.no_grad(): # predict class output = torch.squeeze(model(img.to(device))).cpu() predict = torch.softmax(output, dim=0) predict_cla = torch.argmax(predict).numpy() print_res = "class: {} prob: {:.3}".format(class_indict[str(predict_cla)], predict[predict_cla].numpy()) plt.title(print_res) for i in range(len(predict)): print("class: {:10} prob: {:.3}".format(class_indict[str(i)], predict[i].numpy())) plt.show() if __name__ == '__main__': main()”，改为对指定文件夹下的左右文件进行预测，并绘制混淆矩阵

好的，你的问题是如何将上述代码修改为对指定文件夹下的所有文件进行预测，并绘制混淆矩阵。

要实现这个功能，你需要进行以下几个步骤：

1. 导入必要的包：

   import os
   import json
   import torch
   from PIL import Image
   from torchvision import transforms
   from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
   import numpy as np
   from model import convnext_tiny as create_model

2. 定义函数 `predict_folder`，用于对指定文件夹下的所有文件进行预测：

   def predict_folder(folder_path, model_weight_path, json_path, img_size, num_classes, device):
       data_transform = transforms.Compose([
           transforms.Resize(int(img_size * 1.14)),
           transforms.CenterCrop(img_size),
           transforms.ToTensor(),
           transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
       ])

       # read class_indict
       with open(json_path, "r") as f:
           class_indict = json.load(f)

       # create model
       model = create_model(num_classes=num_classes).to(device)

       # load model weights
       model.load_state_dict(torch.load(model_weight_path, map_location=device))
       model.eval()

       y_true = []
       y_pred = []

       for root, dirs, files in os.walk(folder_path):
           for file in files:
               img_path = os.path.join(root, file)
               assert os.path.exists(img_path), "file: '{}' dose not exist.".format(img_path)

               img = Image.open(img_path)
               # [N, C, H, W]
               img = data_transform(img)
               # expand batch dimension
               img = torch.unsqueeze(img, dim=0)

               with torch.no_grad():
                   # predict class
                   output = torch.squeeze(model(img.to(device))).cpu()
                   predict = torch.softmax(output, dim=0)
                   predict_cla = torch.argmax(predict).numpy()

                   y_true.append(class_indict[os.path.basename(root)])
                   y_pred.append(predict_cla)

       return y_true, y_pred

这个函数接受五个参数：

- `folder_path`：要预测的文件夹路径。
- `model_weight_path`：模型权重文件路径。
- `json_path`：类别标签文件路径。
- `img_size`：输入图片的大小。
- `num_classes`：分类器的类别数。
- `device`：设备类型。

函数会返回两个列表 `y_true` 和 `y_pred`，分别代表真实标签和预测标签。

3. 加载类别标签：

   json_path = './class_indices.json'
   assert os.path.exists(json_path), "file: '{}' dose not exist.".format(json_path)

   with open(json_path, "r") as f:
       class_indict = json.load(f)

4. 调用 `predict_folder` 函数进行预测：

   folder_path = './test'
   assert os.path.exists(folder_path), "folder: '{}' dose not exist.".format(folder_path)

   y_true, y_pred = predict_folder(folder_path, "./weights/best_model.pth", json_path, 224, 5, device)

这里假设要预测的文件夹路径为 `./test`，模型权重文件路径为 `./weights/best_model.pth`，输入图片大小为 224，分类器的类别数为 5。

5. 绘制混淆矩阵：

   cm = confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred)

   fig, ax = plt.subplots()

   im = ax.imshow(cm, interpolation='nearest', cmap=plt.cm.Blues)
   ax.figure.colorbar(im, ax=ax)
   ax.set(xticks=np.arange(cm.shape[1]),
          yticks=np.arange(cm.shape[0]),
          xticklabels=list(class_indict.values()), yticklabels=list(class_indict.values()),
          title='Confusion matrix',
          ylabel='True label',
          xlabel='Predicted label')

   plt.setp(ax.get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, ha="right",
            rotation_mode="anchor")

   fmt = 'd'
   thresh = cm.max() / 2.
   for i in range(cm.shape[0]):
       for j in range(cm.shape[1]):
           ax.text(j, i, format(cm[i, j], fmt),
                   ha="center", va="center",
                   color="white" if cm[i, j] > thresh else "black")
   fig.tight_layout()
   plt.show()

这里使用了 `sklearn.metrics` 中的 `confusion_matrix` 函数进行混淆矩阵的计算。然后使用 `matplotlib` 绘制混淆矩阵图像。