pso() missing 1 required positional argument: 'ub'

The error "pso() missing 1 required positional argument: 'ub'" occurs when you are trying to call the function pso() with one or more missing arguments. Specifically, it is indicating that you have not provided the required argument 'ub' which is expected by the function.

To resolve this error, you need to provide the missing argument 'ub' to the pso() function. The argument 'ub' typically refers to the upper bound of the problem domain.

For example, if you have a function called 'my_func' that you are trying to optimize using PSO and the upper bound of the problem domain is 10, you can call the pso() function as follows:

from pyswarms.single.global_best import GlobalBestPSO

# Define the bounds of the problem domain
bounds = (0, 10)

# Define the PSO optimizer
optimizer = GlobalBestPSO(n_particles=10, dimensions=2, options={'c1': 0.5, 'c2': 0.3, 'w':0.9})

# Optimize the function using PSO
cost, pos = optimizer.optimize(my_func, iters=100, ub=bounds)

In this example, the bounds of the problem domain are defined as (0, 10) and passed to the PSO optimizer using the 'ub' parameter. This should resolve the error and allow you to successfully optimize the function using PSO.