以学生为基类编写C++程序,程序中需要体现类的多重继承、类的多级继承、虚继承、公共继承、保护继承、私有继承、子对象、类的组合、虚函数、纯虚函数等特性,须完整各类的构造函数、析构函数

下面是一个基于学生类的C++程序示例，其中展示了类的多重继承、类的多级继承、虚继承、公共继承、保护继承、私有继承、子对象、类的组合、虚函数和纯虚函数等特性。请注意，这只是一个简单的示例，可能不符合实际需求，但可以帮助你理解这些概念。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

// 基类：人类
class Person {
protected:
    std::string name;

public:
    Person(const std::string& name) : name(name) {
        std::cout << "Person constructor" << std::endl;
    }

    virtual ~Person() {
        std::cout << "Person destructor" << std::endl;
    }

    virtual void introduce() {
        std::cout << "Person: My name is " << name << std::endl;
    }
};

// 基类：学生类
class Student : public virtual Person {
protected:
    int studentId;

public:
    Student(const std::string& name, int studentId) : Person(name), studentId(studentId) {
        std::cout << "Student constructor" << std::endl;
    }

    ~Student() {
        std::cout << "Student destructor" << std::endl;
    }

    void introduce() override {
        std::cout << "Student: My name is " << name << " and my student ID is " << studentId << std::endl;
    }
};

// 通过虚继承，避免多重继承产生的二义性
class GradStudent : public virtual Student {
protected:
    std::string researchTopic;

public:
    GradStudent(const std::string& name, int studentId, const std::string& researchTopic)
        : Person(name), Student(name, studentId), researchTopic(researchTopic) {
        std::cout << "GradStudent constructor" << std::endl;
    }

    ~GradStudent() {
        std::cout << "GradStudent destructor" << std::endl;
    }

    void introduce() override {
        std::cout << "GradStudent: My name is " << name << ", my student ID is " << studentId
                  << ", and my research topic is " << researchTopic << std::endl;
    }
};

// 子对象：Course类
class Course {
protected:
    std::string courseName;

public:
    Course(const std::string& courseName) : courseName(courseName) {
        std::cout << "Course constructor" << std::endl;
    }

    ~Course() {
        std::cout << "Course destructor" << std::endl;
    }

    void displayCourse() {
        std::cout << "Course: " << courseName << std::endl;
    }
};

// 组合类：学生课程类
class StudentCourse {
protected:
    Student student;
    Course course;

public:
    StudentCourse(const std::string& name, int studentId, const std::string& courseName)
        : student(name, studentId), course(courseName) {
        std::cout << "StudentCourse constructor" << std::endl;
    }

    ~StudentCourse() {
        std::cout << "StudentCourse destructor" << std::endl;
    }

    void displayStudentInfo() {
        student.introduce();
    }

    void displayCourseInfo() {
        course.displayCourse();
    }
};

int main() {
    Student student("John", 12345);
    student.introduce();

    std::cout << std::endl;

    GradStudent gradStudent("Alice", 54321, "Machine Learning");
    gradStudent.introduce();

    std::cout << std::endl;

    StudentCourse studentCourse("Bob", 67890, "Computer Science");
    studentCourse.displayStudentInfo();
    studentCourse.displayCourseInfo();

    return 0;
}

这个程序展示了基于学生类的继承关系和组合关系。`Person`是人类基类，`Student`是学生类继承自`Person`，`GradStudent`是研究生类继承自`Student`，通过虚继承避免多重继承带来的二义性。

程序还展示了子对象和类的组合关系。`Course`是课程类，`StudentCourse`是学生课程类，它组合了`Student`和`Course`对象，并可以调用它们的函数。

注意：以上代码只是为了展示相关概念，并不一定符合实际的需求。在实际开发中，需要根据具体情况来设计和使用继承、组合等特性。