wolff algorithms
时间: 2023-11-10 21:03:09 浏览: 64
沃尔夫算法(Wolff algorithms)是一种用于Monte Carlo模拟的算法,用于计算具有复杂相互作用的统计物理系统的期望值。它最早由物理学家卡尼尔·沃尔夫(Kenneth G. Wilson)于1974年引入,因此得名。
沃尔夫算法是Metropolis算法的改进,用于模拟具有局域相互作用的格点模型。它的主要思想是将整个格点模型分成多个簇,然后按照一定的规则更新这些簇的自旋态,从而实现模拟。
具体而言,沃尔夫算法的步骤如下:
1. 选择一个随机的起始点作为种子点,并将其自旋态改变。
2. 将与该种子点相邻且与种子点自旋相同的点加入簇中。
3. 对簇中的每个点进行遍历,再将与这些点相邻且与种子点自旋相同的点加入簇中。重复此步骤,直到簇不再增加。
4. 将簇中的所有点自旋态进行改变。
5. 重复以上步骤直到达到所需的模拟步数。
沃尔夫算法的优点是可以有效地减少相邻点之间的相关性,从而提高模拟结果的效率。此外,它还适用于任意维度的系统,并且相对于Metropolis算法,收敛速度更快。
总而言之,沃尔夫算法是一种用于Monte Carlo模拟的改进算法,通过将格点模型分成簇并按照一定规则更新簇的自旋态,实现对具有复杂相互作用的统计物理系统的期望值的计算。
相关问题
润色下面英文:The controlled drug delivery systems, due to their precise control of drug release in spatiotemporal level triggered by specific stimulating factors and advantages such as higher utilization ratio of drug, less side-effects to normal tissues and so forth, provide a new strategy for the precise treatment of many serious diseases, especially tumors. The materials that constitute the controlled drug delivery systems are called “smart materials” and they can respond to the stimuli of some internal (pH, redox, enzymes, etc.) or external (temperature, electrical/magnetic, ultrasonic and optical, etc.) environments. Before and after the response to the specific stimulus, the composition or conformational of smart materials will be changed, damaging the original balance of the delivery systems and releasing the drug from the delivery systems. Amongst them, the photo-controlled drug delivery systems, which display drug release controlled by light, demonstrated extensive potential applications, and received wide attention from researchers. In recent years, photo-controlled drug delivery systems based on different photo-responsive groups have been designed and developed for precise photo-controlled release of drugs. Herein, in this review, we introduced four photo-responsive groups including photocleavage groups, photoisomerization groups, photo-induced rearrangement groups and photocrosslinking groups, and their different photo-responsive mechanisms. Firstly, the photocleavage groups represented by O-nitrobenzyl are able to absorb the energy of the photons, inducing the cleavage of some specific covalent bonds. Secondly, azobenzenes, as a kind of photoisomerization groups, are able to convert reversibly between the apolar trans form and the polar cis form upon different light irradiation. Thirdly, 2-diazo-1,2-naphthoquinone as the representative of the photo-induced rearrangement groups will absorb specific photon energy, carrying out Wolff rearrangement reaction. Finally, coumarin is a promising category photocrosslinking groups that can undergo [2+2] cycloaddition reactions under light irradiation. The research progress of photo-controlled drug delivery systems based on different photo-responsive mechanisms were mainly reviewed. Additionally, the existing problems and the future research perspectives of photo-controlled drug delivery systems were proposed.
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