Oracle触发器事件详解:深入理解触发器触发时机

发布时间: 2024-07-25 07:55:06 阅读量: 18 订阅数: 21
![Oracle触发器事件详解:深入理解触发器触发时机](https://worktile.com/kb/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/43845.jpg) # 1. Oracle触发器概述 触发器是Oracle数据库中的一种特殊类型的数据库对象,它允许用户在特定事件发生时自动执行一组SQL语句。触发器通常用于在数据插入、更新或删除时强制执行业务规则、维护数据完整性或执行其他操作。 触发器可以附加到表、视图或物化视图上,并在满足特定条件时触发。触发器事件可以是数据操作语言(DML)事件,例如INSERT、UPDATE或DELETE,或数据定义语言(DDL)事件,例如CREATE、ALTER或DROP。 触发器由触发器定义和触发器主体组成。触发器定义指定了触发器的名称、事件、时机和条件,而触发器主体包含要执行的SQL语句。 # 2. 触发器事件类型 触发器事件类型决定了触发器在数据库操作的哪个阶段被触发。Oracle数据库支持两种类型的触发器事件: ### 2.1 DML 事件 DML(数据操作语言)事件在对表中的数据进行修改操作时触发。有三种类型的 DML 事件: #### 2.1.1 INSERT 触发器 INSERT 触发器在向表中插入新行时触发。它可以用来验证插入数据的有效性,执行业务规则,或记录插入操作。 ```sql CREATE TRIGGER insert_trigger AFTER INSERT ON table_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN -- 验证插入数据的有效性 IF NOT valid_data(NEW) THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Invalid data'); END IF; -- 执行业务规则 calculate_discount(NEW); -- 记录插入操作 log_insert(NEW); END; ``` **代码逻辑分析:** * 第 2 行:指定触发器名称为 `insert_trigger`。 * 第 3 行:指定触发器事件为 `AFTER INSERT`,表示在插入操作之后触发。 * 第 4 行:指定触发器时机为 `FOR EACH ROW`,表示对每行插入数据触发。 * 第 6-10 行:验证插入数据的有效性,如果数据无效则引发错误。 * 第 12-14 行:执行业务规则,例如计算折扣。 * 第 16-18 行:记录插入操作,例如写入日志。 #### 2.1.2 UPDATE 触发器 UPDATE 触发器在更新表中现有行时触发。它可以用来验证更新数据的有效性,执行业务规则,或记录更新操作。 ```sql CREATE TRIGGER update_trigger BEFORE UPDATE ON table_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN -- 验证更新数据的有效性 IF NOT valid_data(NEW) THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, 'Invalid data'); END IF; -- 执行业务规则 calculate_tax(NEW, OLD); -- 记录更新操作 log_update(NEW, OLD); END; ``` **代码逻辑分析:** * 第 2 行:指定触发器名称为 `update_trigger`。 * 第 3 行:指定触发器事件为 `BEFORE UPDATE`,表示在更新操作之前触发。 * 第 4 行:指定触发器时机为 `FOR EACH ROW`,表示对每行更新数据触发。 * 第 6-10 行:验证更新数据的有效性,如果数据无效则引发错误。 * 第 12-14 行:执行业务规则,例如计算税金。 * 第 16-18 行:记录更新操作,例如写入日志。 #### 2.1.3 DELETE 触发器 DELETE 触发器在从表中删除行时触发。它可以用来验证删除操作的有效性,执行业务规则,或记录删除操作。 ```sql CREATE TRIGGER delete_trigger AFTER DELETE ON table_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN -- 验证删除操作的有效性 IF NOT valid_delete(OLD) THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20003, 'Invalid delete'); END IF; -- 执行业务规则 archive_deleted_data(OLD); -- 记录删除操作 log_delete(OLD); END; ``` **代码逻辑分析:** * 第
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LI_李波

资深数据库专家
北理工计算机硕士,曾在一家全球领先的互联网巨头公司担任数据库工程师,负责设计、优化和维护公司核心数据库系统,在大规模数据处理和数据库系统架构设计方面颇有造诣。
专栏简介
本专栏全面剖析了 Oracle 数据库触发器,从机制、应用场景到最佳实践,深入浅出地讲解了触发器的原理和用法。涵盖了触发器的性能优化、与存储过程的协同应用、使用技巧、事件详解、安全考虑、在数据完整性、业务流程自动化、性能优化、数据同步中的应用,以及高级应用和与 PL_SQL、Java、XML、Web 服务的集成。通过深入理解触发器的触发时机、编写和管理技巧,读者可以掌握触发器在提升数据库效率、保障数据完整性、简化业务流程和实现数据一致性方面的强大功能。本专栏旨在帮助读者充分利用 Oracle 触发器,打造高效、安全、可靠的数据库解决方案。
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