Oracle触发器与约束:自动化数据库操作,维护数据完整性,打造可靠数据库

发布时间: 2024-08-03 21:27:51 阅读量: 10 订阅数: 17
![Oracle触发器与约束:自动化数据库操作,维护数据完整性,打造可靠数据库](https://img-blog.csdn.net/20160630155634046?watermark/2/text/aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY3Nkbi5uZXQv/font/5a6L5L2T/fontsize/400/fill/I0JBQkFCMA==/dissolve/70/gravity/Center) # 1. Oracle触发器与约束概述** 触发器和约束是Oracle数据库中用于维护数据完整性和自动执行业务逻辑的强大工具。触发器是一种数据库对象,当特定事件发生(例如插入、更新或删除)时触发执行。约束是数据库对象,用于定义和强制执行对表中数据的规则。 触发器和约束在Oracle数据库中广泛应用,包括: * **数据完整性保障:**触发器和约束可以帮助确保数据完整性,防止无效或不一致的数据进入数据库。 * **业务逻辑自动化:**触发器可以自动执行业务逻辑,例如计算、验证或更新数据。 * **审计和跟踪:**触发器可以记录数据库活动,用于审计和跟踪目的。 # 2.1 触发器类型和时机 触发器是一种数据库对象,当特定事件发生时自动执行。在 Oracle 中,有两种类型的触发器: - **行级触发器:**在对单个表中的特定行进行插入、更新或删除操作时触发。 - **语句级触发器:**在对表执行 DML(数据操作语言)语句(如 INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE)时触发,无论影响多少行。 触发器可以根据触发时机进一步细分为: - **BEFORE 触发器:**在 DML 操作执行之前触发。 - **AFTER 触发器:**在 DML 操作执行之后触发。 - **INSTEAD OF 触发器:**替代 DML 操作,执行自定义逻辑。 **示例:** ```sql -- 创建一个 BEFORE INSERT 行级触发器,在插入新行之前检查值 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER check_salary BEFORE INSERT ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF :new.salary < 10000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Salary must be greater than 10000'); END IF; END; ``` ## 2.2 触发器语法和结构 触发器语法如下: ``` CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER <trigger_name> [BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF] [INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE] ON <table_name> FOR EACH ROW [AS] BEGIN -- 触发器逻辑 END; ``` **参数说明:** - `<trigger_name>`:触发器的名称。 - `<timing>`:触发器的时机(BEFORE、AFTER 或 INSTEAD OF)。 - `<event>`:触发器的事件(INSERT、UPDATE 或 DELETE)。 - `<table_name>`:触发器关联的表。 - `<trigger_body>`:触发器执行的 PL/SQL 代码。 **示例:** ```sql -- 创建一个 AFTER UPDATE 行级触发器,在更新行后更新另一个表 CREATE OR REPL ```
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LI_李波

资深数据库专家
北理工计算机硕士,曾在一家全球领先的互联网巨头公司担任数据库工程师,负责设计、优化和维护公司核心数据库系统,在大规模数据处理和数据库系统架构设计方面颇有造诣。
专栏简介
本专栏以“数据库 Oracle 基础知识”为主题,深入浅出地介绍了 Oracle 数据库的各个方面。从安装配置指南到 SQL 基础语法,从数据类型和约束到表和视图,从索引和性能优化到数据库设计原则,内容涵盖了 Oracle 数据库管理和开发的方方面面。 此外,专栏还探讨了高级 SQL 技巧、PL/SQL 编程、触发器和约束、序列和表空间、分区表和索引等高级主题。通过深入分析和实战案例,帮助读者理解 Oracle 数据库的底层机制,提升数据库性能和效率。 本专栏还介绍了 Oracle 闪回查询和时间旅行、数据泵导出和导入、数据库监控和诊断等实用技术,帮助读者掌握 Oracle 数据库的全面知识,成为一名合格的数据库管理员或开发人员。

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