确保数据准确性和一致性:Oracle数据库数据完整性约束指南

发布时间: 2024-08-03 17:12:20 阅读量: 26 订阅数: 18
![oracle数据库常用命令](https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/05/holistic_quality_control-1024x445.png) # 1. Oracle数据库数据完整性约束概述 数据完整性约束是确保数据库中数据准确性和一致性的规则。它们通过限制可以输入数据库的数据类型和值来实现。Oracle数据库提供了一系列数据完整性约束,包括主键、外键、唯一性、检查、非空和默认约束。这些约束有助于防止数据错误、冗余和不一致,从而确保数据库的可靠性和完整性。 # 2 数据完整性约束类型 数据完整性约束是数据库管理系统 (DBMS) 中的一组规则,用于确保存储在数据库中的数据的准确性和一致性。这些约束通过限制可以输入数据库的值的类型和范围来实现。 ### 2.1 主键和外键约束 **主键约束**指定表中的一个或多个列,这些列唯一标识表中的每一行。主键值不能为 NULL,并且必须在表中唯一。主键约束可确保表中没有重复的行。 ```sql CREATE TABLE customers ( customer_id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (customer_id) ); ``` **外键约束**指定表中的一列或多列,这些列引用另一表的主键。外键约束可确保表之间的关系完整性,并防止对父表中不存在的行进行插入或更新操作。 ```sql CREATE TABLE orders ( order_id INT NOT NULL, customer_id INT NOT NULL, product_id INT NOT NULL, quantity INT NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (order_id), FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers (customer_id), FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products (product_id) ); ``` ### 2.2 唯一约束和检查约束 **唯一约束**指定表中的一列或多列,这些列在表中必须唯一。唯一约束与主键约束类似,但允许 NULL 值。唯一约束可确保表中没有重复的行,但允许存在多个 NULL 值。 ```sql CREATE TABLE products ( product_id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, UNIQUE (name) ); ``` **检查约束**指定表中的一列或多列必须满足的条件。检查约束可用于验证数据的格式、范围或其他业务规则。 ```sql CREATE TABLE employees ( employee_id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, salary DECIMAL(10, 2) NOT NULL, CHECK (salary > 0) ); ``` ### 2.3 非空约束和默认约束 **非空约束**指定表中的一列或多列不能为 NULL。非空约束可确保表中没有缺失值,并防止插入或更新 NULL 值。 ```sql CREATE TABLE departments ( department_id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, location VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL ); ``` **默认约束**指定表中的一列或多列在插入或更新时如果没有指定值,则使用的默认值。默认约束可简化数据输入,并确保表中没有缺失值。 ```sql CREATE TABLE customers ( customer_id INT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'unknown@example.com' ); ``` # 3. 数据完整性约束的实现 ### 3.1 使用SQL语句创建约束 **主键约束** ```sql ALTER TABLE table_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (column_ ```
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北理工计算机硕士,曾在一家全球领先的互联网巨头公司担任数据库工程师,负责设计、优化和维护公司核心数据库系统,在大规模数据处理和数据库系统架构设计方面颇有造诣。
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本专栏涵盖了 Oracle 数据库管理的各个方面,从基础知识到高级技术。专栏标题为“oracle数据库常用命令”,内部文章涉及广泛主题,包括: - 入门指南和性能调优技巧 - 表空间管理和索引优化 - 死锁分析和解决 - 表锁问题解析 - 分区表技术和闪回功能 - 物化视图和错误代码解析 - 日志分析和恢复策略 - 数据库设计最佳实践和数据建模 - 数据类型和完整性约束 - 数据加载和导出 - 用户管理和访问控制 本专栏旨在为 Oracle 数据库管理员、开发人员和用户提供全面的资源,帮助他们掌握数据库管理的各个方面,提升数据库性能和可用性,并确保数据安全和完整性。
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