3-3-1模型与宇宙早期规范对称性破裂：引力波探测

107 浏览量更新于2024-09-03 收藏 706KB PDF 举报

"这篇文章是关于使用引力波探测3-3-1模型以及更高级模型中早期宇宙的规范对称性破裂的研究。3-3-1模型以SU(3)c⊗SU(3)L⊗U(1)Y量规群为代表，作者们探讨了这些具有扩展量规群的新物理模型在宇宙演化的不同阶段可能经历的一阶相变。这些相变与自发对称性的破坏有关，并可能在引力波实验中产生可观测的相变引力波信号，如LISA、BBO、DECIGO、SKA和aLIGO。通过分析这些引力波信号，可以为了解宇宙的演化历史提供新的途径。" 文章详细内容: 在物理学领域，3-3-1模型是一种理论框架，它扩展了标准模型的对称性，以解释一些未解决的问题，比如三代夸克为何有特定的结构。在这个模型中，SU(3)c表示颜色量子数，SU(3)L代表左-handed leptons（左旋轻子）的对称性，而U(1)Y是弱超荷。这种量规群的扩展使得物理学家能够探索新的粒子和相互作用。文章讨论的是这些模型中可能存在的第一阶相变。在宇宙早期，随着温度的下降，某些物理系统可能经历相变，从一个对称状态转变为另一个不对称状态，这个过程称为自发对称性破坏。这种相变在宇宙学中至关重要，因为它与物质的性质和宇宙的结构形成紧密相关。引力波，作为时空曲率扰动的波动，是探测这些相变的一种理想工具。特别是在一阶相变过程中，会形成物理壁和涡旋，这些拓扑缺陷会释放出大量的能量，以引力波的形式传播。通过分析这些引力波的特性，如频率、强度和持续时间，科学家可以推断出相变的性质，从而揭示宇宙的早期历史。未来引力波实验，如LISA（激光干涉空间天线）、BBO（下一代背景观测）、DECIGO（分解干扰型引力波天文台）和SKA（平方公里阵列射电望远镜）以及aLIGO（升级版激光干涉引力波天文台），将有能力探测到这些由相变产生的微弱引力波信号。这些实验将提供一个独特的窗口，让我们能够观察到宇宙在数十亿年前的景象，从而加深对宇宙早期对称性破裂的理解。通过引力波探测3-3-1模型和类似模型中的早期宇宙规范对称性破裂，不仅能够验证这些理论模型的正确性，还可能揭示宇宙的深层次结构和演化历程。这是一项重要的研究，对理解宇宙的起源和基本物理定律具有深远的意义。

Physics Letters B 788 (2019) 288–294

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Physics Letters B

www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb

Probing the gauge symmetry breaking of the early universe in 3-3-1

models and beyond by gravitational waves

Fa Peng Huang

a,b,∗

, Xinmin Zhang

a,b

Theoretical Physics Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 918-4, Beijing 100049, China

School of Physics Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history:

Received

9 October 2018

Received

in revised form 5 November 2018

Accepted

15 November 2018

Available

online 19 November 2018

Editor:

G.F. Giudice

Taking the 3-3-1 models (with SU(3)

⊗ SU(3)

⊗ U (1)

gauge group) as examples, we study that a

class of new physics models with extended gauge group could undergo one or several ﬁrst-order phase

transitions associated with the spontaneously symmetry breaking processes during the evolution of the

universe, which can produce detectable phase transition gravitational wave (GW) signals at future GW

experiments, such as LISA, BBO, DECIGO, SKA and aLIGO. These GW signals can provide new sources of

GWs with different peak frequencies, and can be used to probe the evolution history of the universe.

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP

1. Introduction

The observation of gravitational waves (GWs) by Advanced

Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (aLIGO) [1]

has

initiated a new era of exploring the cosmology, the nature

of gravity as well as the fundamental particle physics by the GW

detectors [2–9]. Especially, due to the limitation of the colliders’

energy, GW detectors can be used as new or complementary tech-

niques

to probe the existence of the new physics (NP) by detecting

the symmetry breaking patterns or phase transition history for

large classes of NP models with an extended gauge group, which

are motivated by the mysterious experimental results in our under-

standing

of particle cosmology (such as the dark matter problem or

the puzzling observed baryon asymmetry of the universe), and the

absence of NP signals at current collider experiments. The increas-

ingly

attractive NP models with an extended gauge group have

many new particles without leaving obvious observable imprints

at current particle colliders. However, the GW experiments may

provide a possible approach to test their existence. For example,

to explain the baryon asymmetry of the universe via electroweak

(EW) baryogenesis, a strong ﬁrst-order phase transition (FOPT) is

needed to realize the departure from thermal equilibrium by ex-

tensions

of the standard model (SM) [10–12]. And during the FOPT,

detectable GWs will be produced through three mechanisms: col-

lisions

of expanding bubbles, sounds waves, and magnetohydro-

dynamic

turbulence of bubbles in the hot plasma [13–20]. Phase

Corresponding author.

E-mail

address: huangfp@ibs.re.kr (F.P. Huang).

transitions in particle physics and cosmology are usually associ-

ated

with the symmetry breaking, i.e. where the universe transits

from a symmetric phase to a symmetry broken phase when the

temperature drops below the corresponding critical temperature.

For

the ﬁrst time, we have a realistic chance to explore NP

with gauge symmetry breaking processes through phase transi-

tion

GW signals after the discovery of the GWs by aLIGO, which

is particularly exciting. In this paper, we study the possibility to

probe the gauge symmetry breaking patterns and the phase tran-

sition

history of the early universe by the phase transition GW

signals. In particular, we focalize our analysis to GW detection of

the NP models with an extended non-Abelian gauge group, where

the symmetry breaking at each energy scale may associate with

a FOPT, as shown in Fig. 1. The group G

Hidden

can spontaneously

break into the SM gauge group via one or several steps and strong

FOPT can take place in each step, which can produce detectable

phase transition GWs. For example, the gauge group G

Hidden

can

be the non-Abelian gauge group SU(3)

⊗ SU(3)

⊗ U (1)

, which

is called 3-3-1 model [21,22]. We show that many versions of

the 3-3-1 model can produce at least one strong FOPT at TeV

scale in some parameter spaces, which can produce detectable

GW spectrum by the recently proved Laser Interferometer Space

Antenna (LISA) [23,24], Big Bang Observer (BBO) [25], Deci-hertz

Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO) [26,27],

and Ultimate-DECIGO [28]. In general, there can exist several spon-

taneous

symmetry breaking processes in NP models, which may

also accompany several FOPTs with the evolution of the universe

as shown in Fig. 1. If the scale of the FOPT associated with the

symmetry breaking is about 10

–10

GeV, the phase transition

GW spectrum may be within the sensitivity of future aLIGO. If the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.11.024

0370-2693/

SCOAP

下载后可阅读完整内容，剩余6页未读，立即下载

weixin_38520046

粉丝: 8
资源: 932

3-3-1模型与宇宙早期规范对称性破裂：引力波探测

引力波 引力波源及引力波探测

来自宇宙弦的引力波的宇宙考古学

论文研究 - 引力波在新模型中的对称性破裂：概述

Snag:一种信号分析工具箱，专门针对引力波探测-matlab开发

5D翘曲模型中的宇宙相变：引力波与对撞机探测

脉冲星引力波：探测宇宙中的强引力源与早期宇宙迹象

宇宙气泡碰撞：引力波探测新见解

引力波探测：脉冲星测时残差与宇宙强引力场研究

M-通货膨胀中的预热引力波: 模型预测与超高频探测

张量模型中的对称性破裂与量子引力桥梁

最新资源

引力波引力波源及引力波探测