Django 3.1.6官方文档详解：入门与核心功能指南

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Django 3.1.6文档是Django Software Foundation官方发布的关于Django框架的最新版本，发布日期为2021年1月7日。该文档详细介绍了Django的核心组件、工作流程以及初学者指南，旨在帮助用户快速上手并深入理解这个强大的web开发框架。 **1.1 首步入门与学习资源** 文档从基础入手，首先引导读者进行第一步操作，包括快速入门介绍和获取帮助的方式，为新手提供了清晰的引导路径。这部分内容旨在让初次接触Django的人了解框架的基本概念和如何找到解决问题的方法。 **1.2 模型层(Model Layer)** 模型层是Django的核心组成部分，它负责数据的抽象和持久化。文档解释了如何定义模型类，处理数据库结构，以及如何利用ORM（对象关系映射）进行数据操作。 **1.3 视图层(View Layer)** 在视图层，文档讲解了如何创建和组织视图函数，处理HTTP请求，以及如何与模型层交互，以响应客户端的请求。这部分内容对于理解Django的路由和控制器逻辑至关重要。 **1.4 模板层(Template Layer)** 模板层涉及Django的HTML渲染机制，文档解释了如何使用模板语言（如Django Template Language，DTL）来动态生成网页内容，以及如何整合模型和视图数据。 **1.5 开发过程(Development Process)** 文档涵盖了开发过程中的最佳实践，包括版本控制、测试、部署等环节，确保开发者能够高效地进行项目管理和协作。 **1.6 安全性(Security)** 安全是现代web应用的重要考量，Django 3.1.6文档强调了认证、授权和数据加密等方面的安全措施，帮助开发者构建安全的应用。 **1.7 国际化和本地化(Internationalization and Localization)** 文档讨论了如何实现多语言支持和文化适应，以满足不同地区用户的需求。 **1.8 性能优化和地理框架** 性能优化是提高应用程序效率的关键，文档提到了如何进行性能调优以及如何利用Django的地理位置框架进行地理相关的功能开发。 **1.9 Django Admin工具** 文档介绍了内置的Django Admin界面，它是管理站点内容的便捷方式，包括模型对象的CRUD操作。 **1.10 其他核心功能** 除了以上核心部分，文档还概述了其他重要功能，如URL处理、中间件、静态文件管理等，为开发者提供了全面的框架参考。 **2.1 获取入门体验** 这部分详细介绍了如何快速安装Django，以及如何编写第一个Django应用，分步骤指导初学者完成从零到一的项目构建，包括模型定义、视图创建和模板设计。 **2.11 进阶教程与后续阅读** 最后，文档提供了一个高级教程，教授如何编写可重用的模块或应用，以及推荐进一步学习的资源，以便继续深入学习Django。 Django 3.1.6文档是一个全面且详尽的指南，覆盖了从基础知识到高级主题，无论你是初次接触Django还是寻求进阶技巧的开发者，都能从中受益匪浅。

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Django Documentation, Release 3.1.6.dev

Listing 3: mysite/news/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

from . import models

admin.site.register(models.Article)

The philosophy here is that your site is edited by a staff, or a client, or maybe just you – and you don’t want to have to

deal with creating backend interfaces only to manage content.

One typical workﬂow in creating Django apps is to create models and get the admin sites up and running as fast as

possible, so your staff (or clients) can start populating data. Then, develop the way data is presented to the public.

2.1.5 Design your URLs

A clean, elegant URL scheme is an important detail in a high-quality Web application. Django encourages beautiful

URL design and doesn’t put any cruft in URLs, like .php or .asp.

To design URLs for an app, you create a Python module called a URLconf . A table of contents for your app, it contains

a mapping between URL patterns and Python callback functions. URLconfs also serve to decouple URLs from Python

code.

Here’s what a URLconf might look like for the Reporter/Article example above:

Listing 4: mysite/news/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [

path('articles/<int:year>/', views.year_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/', views.month_archive),

path('articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<int:pk>/', views.article_detail),

]

The code above maps URL paths to Python callback functions (“views”). The path strings use parameter tags to

“capture” values from the URLs. When a user requests a page, Django runs through each path, in order, and stops at

the ﬁrst one that matches the requested URL. (If none of them matches, Django calls a special-case 404 view.) This is

blazingly fast, because the paths are compiled into regular expressions at load time.

Once one of the URL patterns matches, Django calls the given view, which is a Python function. Each view gets

passed a request object – which contains request metadata – and the values captured in the pattern.

For example, if a user requested the URL “/articles/2005/05/39323/”, Django would call the function news.views.

article_detail(request, year=2005, month=5, pk=39323).

2.1.6 Write your views

Each view is responsible for doing one of two things: Returning an HttpResponse object containing the content

for the requested page, or raising an exception such as Http404. The rest is up to you.

Generally, a view retrieves data according to the parameters, loads a template and renders the template with the

retrieved data. Here’s an example view for year_archive from above:

10 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 3.1.6.dev

Listing 5: mysite/news/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from .models import Article

def year_archive(request, year):

a_list = Article.objects.filter(pub_date__year=year)

context = {'year': year, 'article_list': a_list}

return render(request, 'news/year_archive.html', context)

This example uses Django’s template system, which has several powerful features but strives to stay simple enough

for non-programmers to use.

2.1.7 Design your templates

The code above loads the news/year_archive.html template.

Django has a template search path, which allows you to minimize redundancy among templates. In your Django

settings, you specify a list of directories to check for templates with DIRS. If a template doesn’t exist in the ﬁrst

directory, it checks the second, and so on.

Let’s say the news/year_archive.html template was found. Here’s what that might look like:

Listing 6: mysite/news/templates/news/year_archive.html

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Articles for {{ year }}{% endblock %}

{% block content %}

<h1>Articles for {{ year }}</h1>

{% for article in article_list %}

<p>{{ article.headline }}</p>

<p>By {{ article.reporter.full_name }}</p>

<p>Published {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }}</p>

{% endfor %}

{% endblock %}

Variables are surrounded by double-curly braces. {{ article.headline }} means “Output the value of the

article’s headline attribute.” But dots aren’t used only for attribute lookup. They also can do dictionary-key lookup,

index lookup and function calls.

Note {{ article.pub_date|date:"F j, Y" }} uses a Unix-style “pipe” (the “|” character). This is called

a template ﬁlter, and it’s a way to ﬁlter the value of a variable. In this case, the date ﬁlter formats a Python datetime

object in the given format (as found in PHP’s date function).

You can chain together as many ﬁlters as you’d like. You can write custom template ﬁlters. You can write custom

template tags, which run custom Python code behind the scenes.

Finally, Django uses the concept of “template inheritance”. That’s what the {% extends "base.html" %}

does. It means “First load the template called ‘base’, which has deﬁned a bunch of blocks, and ﬁll the blocks with

the following blocks.” In short, that lets you dramatically cut down on redundancy in templates: each template has to

deﬁne only what’s unique to that template.

Here’s what the “base.html” template, including the use of static ﬁles, might look like:

2.1. Django at a glance 11

Django Documentation, Release 3.1.6.dev

Listing 7: mysite/templates/base.html

{% load static %}

<html>

<head>

<title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>

</head>

<body>

{% block content %}{% endblock %}

</body>

</html>

Simplistically, it deﬁnes the look-and-feel of the site (with the site’s logo), and provides “holes” for child templates to

ﬁll. This means that a site redesign can be done by changing a single ﬁle – the base template.

It also lets you create multiple versions of a site, with different base templates, while reusing child templates. Django’s

creators have used this technique to create strikingly different mobile versions of sites by only creating a new base

template.

Note that you don’t have to use Django’s template system if you prefer another system. While Django’s template

system is particularly well-integrated with Django’s model layer, nothing forces you to use it. For that matter, you

don’t have to use Django’s database API, either. You can use another database abstraction layer, you can read XML

ﬁles, you can read ﬁles off disk, or anything you want. Each piece of Django – models, views, templates – is decoupled

from the next.

2.1.8 This is just the surface

This has been only a quick overview of Django’s functionality. Some more useful features:

• A caching framework that integrates with memcached or other backends.

• A syndication framework that lets you create RSS and Atom feeds by writing a small Python class.

• More attractive automatically-generated admin features – this overview barely scratched the surface.

The next steps are for you to download Django, read the tutorial and join the community. Thanks for your interest!

2.2 Quick install guide

Before you can use Django, you’ll need to get it installed. We have a complete installation guide that covers all the

possibilities; this guide will guide you to a minimal installation that’ll work while you walk through the introduction.

2.2.1 Install Python

Being a Python Web framework, Django requires Python. See What Python version can I use with Django? for details.

Python includes a lightweight database called SQLite so you won’t need to set up a database just yet.

Get the latest version of Python at https://www.python.org/downloads/ or with your operating system’s package man-

ager.

You can verify that Python is installed by typing python from your shell; you should see something like:

12 Chapter 2. Getting started

Django Documentation, Release 3.1.6.dev

• A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

• An admin site that lets you add, change, and delete polls.

We’ll assume you have Django installed already. You can tell Django is installed and which version by running the

following command in a shell prompt (indicated by the $ preﬁx):

$ python -m django --version

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it isn’t, you’ll get an error telling “No module

named django”.

This tutorial is written for Django 3.1, which supports Python 3.6 and later. If the Django version doesn’t match, you

can refer to the tutorial for your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner of this

page, or update Django to the newest version. If you’re using an older version of Python, check What Python version

can I use with Django? to ﬁnd a compatible version of Django.

See How to install Django for advice on how to remove older versions of Django and install a newer one.

Where to get help:

If you’re having trouble going through this tutorial, please head over to the Getting Help section of the FAQ.

2.3.1 Creating a project

If this is your ﬁrst time using Django, you’ll have to take care of some initial setup. Namely, you’ll need to auto-

generate some code that establishes a Django project – a collection of settings for an instance of Django, including

database conﬁguration, Django-speciﬁc options and application-speciﬁc settings.

From the command line, cd into a directory where you’d like to store your code, then run the following command:

$ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a mysite directory in your current directory. If it didn’t work, see Problems running django-admin.

Note: You’ll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django components. In particular, this means

you should avoid using names like django (which will conﬂict with Django itself) or test (which conﬂicts with a

built-in Python package).

Where should this code live?

If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks), you’re probably used to putting code

under the Web server’s document root (in a place such as /var/www). With Django, you don’t do that. It’s not a

good idea to put any of this Python code within your Web server’s document root, because it risks the possibility that

people may be able to view your code over the Web. That’s not good for security.

Put your code in some directory outside of the document root, such as /home/mycode.

Let’s look at what startproject created:

mysite/

manage.py

mysite/

(continues on next page)

14 Chapter 2. Getting started

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