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首页动手实践深化理解:自顶向下学习计算机网络协议
动手实践深化理解:自顶向下学习计算机网络协议
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更新于2024-07-21
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"《计算机网络:自顶向下方法》是一本由James F. Kurose和Keith W. Ross合著的经典教材,第六版涵盖了计算机网络的深入讲解。本书采取了自顶向下的教学策略,引导读者从高层视角理解网络协议,强调实践操作在理解过程中的关键作用。作者鼓励读者通过模拟场景或真实的互联网环境来观察和体验协议的工作机制,如Wireshark实验室中的实践活动,参与者会用自己或朋友的电脑运行网络应用,这些应用与互联网上其他协议实体交互,实时观察消息传递的过程。 在这个过程中,学习者不仅是观察者,也是参与者,通过动手操作和分析网络行为,深入理解协议的运作细节和其产生的后果。这种互动式学习不仅帮助学生加深对TCP/IP协议栈的理解,还包括了网络层、数据链路层、传输层以及应用层等各个层次的工作原理。此外,书中还可能涉及诸如HTTP、SMTP、FTP等常见网络服务的协议分析,让理论知识与实际应用相结合。 通过Wireshark这样的工具,学生可以抓包分析,跟踪数据包的生命周期,了解IP头部、TCP/UDP段头等网络层信息,以及如何通过这些协议进行通信和数据交换。同时,作者也强调了市场人员的角色,如Marcia Horton作为副主编和ECS的副总裁编辑,以及市场营销团队对于教材推广的重要性。 《计算机网络:自顶向下方法》不仅是一本理论教材,更是一个将理论与实践紧密结合的学习平台,旨在培养学生的动手能力和深度理解能力,使他们在未来的职业生涯中能够有效设计、部署和维护复杂的网络系统。"
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Preface xv
Hyojin Kim (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Leonard Kleinrock (University of California at Los Angeles)
David Kotz (Dartmouth College)
Beshan Kulapala (Arizona State University)
Rakesh Kumar (Bloomberg)
Miguel A. Labrador (University of South Florida)
Simon Lam (University of Texas)
Steve Lai (Ohio State University)
Tom LaPorta (Penn State University)
Tim-Berners Lee (World Wide Web Consortium)
Arnaud Legout (INRIA)
Lee Leitner (Drexel University)
Brian Levine (University of Massachusetts)
Chunchun Li (former NYU-Poly student)
Yong Liu (NYU-Poly)
William Liang (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Willis Marti (Texas A&M University)
Nick McKeown (Stanford University)
Josh McKinzie (Park University)
Deep Medhi (University of Missouri, Kansas City)
Bob Metcalfe (International Data Group)
Sue Moon (KAIST)
Jenni Moyer (Comcast)
Erich Nahum (IBM Research)
Christos Papadopoulos (Colorado Sate University)
Craig Partridge (BBN Technologies)
Radia Perlman (Intel)
Jitendra Padhye (Microsoft Research)
Vern Paxson (University of California at Berkeley)
Kevin Phillips (Sprint)
George Polyzos (Athens University of Economics and Business)
Sriram Rajagopalan (Arizona State University)
Ramachandran Ramjee (Microsoft Research)
Ken Reek (Rochester Institute of Technology)
Martin Reisslein (Arizona State University)
Jennifer Rexford (Princeton University)
Leon Reznik (Rochester Institute of Technology)
Pablo Rodrigez (Telefonica)
Sumit Roy (University of Washington)
Avi Rubin (Johns Hopkins University)
Dan Rubenstein (Columbia University)
Douglas Salane (John Jay College)
Despina Saparilla (Cisco Systems)
John Schanz (Comcast)
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Henning Schulzrinne (Columbia University)
Mischa Schwartz (Columbia University)
Ardash Sethi (University of Delaware)
Harish Sethu (Drexel University)
K. Sam Shanmugan (University of Kansas)
Prashant Shenoy (University of Massachusetts)
Clay Shields (Georgetown University)
Subin Shrestra (University of Pennsylvania)
Bojie Shu (former NYU-Poly student)
Mihail L. Sichitiu (NC State University)
Peter Steenkiste (Carnegie Mellon University)
Tatsuya Suda (University of California at Irvine)
Kin Sun Tam (State University of New York at Albany)
Don Towsley (University of Massachusetts)
David Turner (California State University, San Bernardino)
Nitin Vaidya (University of Illinois)
Michele Weigle (Clemson University)
David Wetherall (University of Washington)
Ira Winston (University of Pennsylvania)
Di Wu (Sun Yat-sen University)
Shirley Wynn (NYU-Poly)
Raj Yavatkar (Intel)
Yechiam Yemini (Columbia University)
Ming Yu (State University of New York at Binghamton)
Ellen Zegura (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Honggang Zhang (Suffolk University)
Hui Zhang (Carnegie Mellon University)
Lixia Zhang (University of California at Los Angeles)
Meng Zhang (former NYU-Poly student)
Shuchun Zhang (former University of Pennsylvania student)
Xiaodong Zhang (Ohio State University)
ZhiLi Zhang (University of Minnesota)
Phil Zimmermann (independent consultant)
Cliff C. Zou (University of Central Florida)
We also want to thank the entire Addison-Wesley team—in particular, Michael Hirsch,
Marilyn Lloyd, and Emma Snider—who have done an absolutely outstanding job on
this sixth edition (and who have put up with two very finicky authors who seem con-
genitally unable to meet deadlines!). Thanks also to our artists, Janet Theurer and
Patrice Rossi Calkin, for their work on the beautiful figures in this book, and to Andrea
Stefanowicz and her team at PreMediaGlobal for their wonderful production work on
this edition. Finally, a most special thanks go to Michael Hirsch, our editor at Addison-
Wesley, and Susan Hartman, our former editor at Addison-Wesley. This book would
not be what it is (and may well not have been at all) without their graceful manage-
ment, constant encouragement, nearly infinite patience, good humor, and perseverance.
xvi Preface
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xvii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Computer Networks and the Internet 1
1.1 What Is the Internet? 2
1.1.1 A Nuts-and-Bolts Description 2
1.1.2 A Services Description 5
1.1.3 What Is a Protocol? 7
1.2 The Network Edge 9
1.2.1 Access Networks 12
1.2.2 Physical Media 18
1.3 The Network Core 22
1.3.1 Packet Switching 22
1.3.2 Circuit Switching 27
1.3.3 A Network of Networks 32
1.4 Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Packet-Switched Networks 35
1.4.1 Overview of Delay in Packet-Switched Networks 35
1.4.2 Queuing Delay and Packet Loss 39
1.4.3 End-to-End Delay 42
1.4.4 Throughput in Computer Networks 44
1.5 Protocol Layers and Their Service Models 47
1.5.1 Layered Architecture 47
1.5.2 Encapsulation 53
1.6 Networks Under Attack 55
1.7 History of Computer Networking and the Internet 60
1.7.1 The Development of Packet Switching: 1961–1972 60
1.7.2 Proprietary Networks and Internetworking: 1972–1980 62
1.7.3 A Proliferation of Networks: 1980–1990 63
1.7.4 The Internet Explosion: The 1990s 64
1.7.5 The New Millennium 65
1.8 Summary 66
Homework Problems and Questions 68
Wireshark Lab 78
Interview: Leonard Kleinrock 80
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Chapter 2 Application Layer 83
2.1 Principles of Network Applications 84
2.1.1 Network Application Architectures 86
2.1.2 Processes Communicating 88
2.1.3 Transport Services Available to Applications 91
2.1.4 Transport Services Provided by the Internet 93
2.1.5 Application-Layer Protocols 96
2.1.6 Network Applications Covered in This Book 97
2.2 The Web and HTTP 98
2.2.1 Overview of HTTP 98
2.2.2 Non-Persistent and Persistent Connections 100
2.2.3 HTTP Message Format 103
2.2.4 User-Server Interaction: Cookies 108
2.2.5 Web Caching 110
2.2.6 The Conditional GET 114
2.3 File Transfer: FTP 116
2.3.1 FTP Commands and Replies 118
2.4 Electronic Mail in the Internet 118
2.4.1 SMTP 121
2.4.2 Comparison with HTTP 124
2.4.3 Mail Message Format 125
2.4.4 Mail Access Protocols 125
2.5 DNS—The Internet’s Directory Service 130
2.5.1 Services Provided by DNS 131
2.5.2 Overview of How DNS Works 133
2.5.3 DNS Records and Messages 139
2.6 Peer-to-Peer Applications 144
2.6.1 P2P File Distribution 145
2.6.2 Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs) 151
2.7 Socket Programming: Creating Network Applications 156
2.7.1 Socket Programming with UDP 157
2.7.2 Socket Programming with TCP 163
2.8 Summary 168
Homework Problems and Questions 169
Socket Programming Assignments 179
Wireshark Labs: HTTP, DNS 181
Interview: Marc Andreessen 182
xviii Table of Contents
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Table of Contents xix
Chapter 3 Transport Layer 185
3.1 Introduction and Transport-Layer Services 186
3.1.1 Relationship Between Transport and Network Layers 186
3.1.2 Overview of the Transport Layer in the Internet 189
3.2 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 191
3.3 Connectionless Transport: UDP 198
3.3.1 UDP Segment Structure 202
3.3.2 UDP Checksum 202
3.4 Principles of Reliable Data Transfer 204
3.4.1 Building a Reliable Data Transfer Protocol 206
3.4.2 Pipelined Reliable Data Transfer Protocols 215
3.4.3 Go-Back-N (GBN) 218
3.4.4 Selective Repeat (SR) 223
3.5 Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP 230
3.5.1 The TCP Connection 231
3.5.2 TCP Segment Structure 233
3.5.3 Round-Trip Time Estimation and Timeout 238
3.5.4 Reliable Data Transfer 242
3.5.5 Flow Control 250
3.5.6 TCP Connection Management 252
3.6 Principles of Congestion Control 259
3.6.1 The Causes and the Costs of Congestion 259
3.6.2 Approaches to Congestion Control 265
3.6.3 Network-Assisted Congestion-Control Example:
ATM ABR Congestion Control 266
3.7 TCP Congestion Control 269
3.7.1 Fairness 279
3.8 Summary 283
Homework Problems and Questions 285
Programming Assignments 300
Wireshark Labs: TCP, UDP 301
Interview: Van Jacobson 302
Chapter 4 The Network Layer 305
4.1 Introduction 306
4.1.1 Forwarding and Routing 308
4.1.2 Network Service Models 310
4.2 Virtual Circuit and Datagram Networks 313
4.2.1 Virtual-Circuit Networks 314
4.2.2 Datagram Networks 317
4.2.3 Origins of VC and Datagram Networks 319
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