一种乐观的无锁FIFO队列算法

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"这篇论文提出了一种新的乐观的无锁FIFO队列算法,它在性能上优于迈克尔和斯科特的经典无锁FIFO队列算法。该算法通过使用乐观的双向链表替换迈克尔和斯科特算法中的单向链表,减少了昂贵的比较并交换(CAS)操作,同时还能处理由于事件顺序错误导致的不一致性问题。这是首次将‘乐观’策略应用到实际数据结构中的实例。" 正文: 在并发编程中,FIFO(先进先出)队列是最基础且被广泛研究的数据结构之一。它们在多线程环境中的应用极为普遍,如任务调度、消息传递等。传统的同步机制,如锁,可能导致线程阻塞和性能下降。为了解决这个问题,无锁数据结构应运而生,它们提供了一种在没有锁的情况下实现线程安全的方法。无锁FIFO队列是其中的一个重要实现,可以避免竞争条件并提高并发性能。 迈克尔和斯科特的无锁FIFO队列算法是文献中最有效和实用的动态内存并发队列实现,它被纳入了标准的Java并发包中。然而,这个算法依赖于CAS操作来插入和删除节点,而CAS操作通常在硬件级别执行,具有一定的开销。 论文中提出的新型无锁FIFO队列算法采用了乐观策略。这一策略的关键在于用一个乐观的双向链表替代原有的单向链表。在乐观的双向链表中,指针的更新使用简单的存储操作,而不是CAS。这降低了每个操作的直接成本,使得插入和删除操作更为高效。然而,这种优化并非没有风险。如果事件发生的顺序不正确,可能会导致链表的不一致。 为了应对这个问题,论文中的算法引入了一个修复机制。当检测到链表的不一致性时,算法能够回溯并“修复”错误的指针顺序,确保链表的正确性。这种方式巧妙地平衡了效率与安全性,使得在大多数情况下可以避免昂贵的CAS操作,但在需要时能够自我修正,保持了无锁队列的正确性。 此外,乐观策略的应用展示了在实际数据结构中如何利用这种思想来提高并发性能,为并发编程领域带来了新的思路。通过这种设计,算法能够在大多数操作中保持高效,同时在必要时能够恢复数据一致性,这使得该算法在高并发环境中表现更优。 这篇论文通过引入乐观的无锁FIFO队列算法,为并发数据结构的设计提供了新的视角。它不仅提升了队列操作的效率,还证明了在不牺牲正确性的前提下,可以减少昂贵的同步原语使用,这对于并发编程的优化有着重要的实践意义。

Shifts in China’s Rural and Urban Population: 2000-2020 The bar chart clearly reveals that from 2000 to 2020, while the total population in China increased moderately from 1.25 billion to 1.41 billion, population in urban and rural areas experienced dramatic shifts in different directions. Urban population rose from 450 million in 2000 to 670 million in 2010 and 900 million in 2020; contrastingly, rural population declined from 800 million in 2000 to 680 million in 2010 and 510 million in 2020. The population gap narrowed largely because of the joint effects of urbanization, unequal economic opportunities in rural and urban areas, and the expansion of higher education. In the first place, there was a large-scale urban sprawl during this period. Places which had been part of the vast countryside were incorporated into cities, causing hundreds of millions of rural dwellers to be passively transformed into urban residents. What’s more, while urban living standards improved greatly in these years, few economic opportunities fell on rural areas and most peasant families remained at the poverty line. Poverty prompted the call for change, leading a large quantity of healthy young peasants to leave their hometowns and flock to cities for a better living. Last but not least, China’s higher education grew at an unprecedented rate in these years. More high school graduates than ever before entered colleges and universities, most of whom preferred to stay in urban areas after graduation for personal development. The increase in urban population was a sure indication of economic and educational achievements in China. It benefited the country in many aspects, relieving the shortage of labor force in cities, lessening the burden of peasants to support their families, and affording young people from rural areas more opportunities to display their talents. However, the migration of rural residents into urban areas inevitably brought about disadvantages. Some of them, such as waste of arable land and left-behind children in the countryside, as well as traffic congestion and soaring housing prices in cities, have already called the attention of the government and corresponding measures have begun to take effect. But others, especially the inability of many peasants to integrate into urban life due to their lack of education and civilized habits, have long been neglected. In this sense, we cannot be satisfied with the superficially optimistic figures in the chart, but should endeavor to foster the integration of these newcomers by providing them with adequate assistance in educational and cultural aspects, so that they can find easier access to the prosperity and convenience of urban life and be more fully devoted to the development of cities.翻译成英文版两百单词左右的文章

2023-02-21 上传