NetApp NCDA认证指南：NSO-154课程详解

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NetApp NCDA 认证学习是针对Data ONTAP 8.07版本的高级课程，专注于NetApp 存储解决方案的知识与技能。课程编号STRSW-ILT-ANCDA-D87M表明这是由NetApp官方提供的教学资源，用于培训目的，非授权复制。NSO-154 Certification Study Guide（认证学习指南）修订日期为2010年5月25日，版本2.0，强调了该课程在理论与实践相结合的基础上，帮助学员理解并掌握NetApp 数据管理和存储技术。该课程的主要内容涵盖了Data ONTAP 8.07的操作模式，特别是NCDA（Networked Cluster Data Architect）模式，这是一种专门设计用于构建和管理大型网络存储环境的架构。NCDA模式允许用户在多个节点之间实现数据的高效分布和冗余，确保高可用性和性能。学习过程中，学生将接触到诸如数据复制、容错技术、存储虚拟化、卷管理、网络设计和优化等关键知识点。同时，课程强调了在非生产环境中的训练价值，因为实际生产环境中可能存在的风险和限制，例如可能导致数据丢失或系统不稳定的情况，因此不适合直接用于生产环境。此外，课程特别指出，尽管学习材料对培训有极大帮助，但学员必须参考NetApp的产品文档，如http://now.netapp.com，以获取正式的技术参考信息，因为这些指南可能包含最新的产品特性和最佳实践。版权方面，所有内容受到2010年NetApp公司的严格保护，未经许可，不得以任何形式复制或通过任何媒介进行转印，包括图形、电子或机械方式。任何侵犯版权的行为都将受到法律追究。 NetApp NCDA认证学习是一个深入理解NetApp数据中心存储架构和技术的宝贵资源，适合专业人员在安全可控的环境下提升技能，但在实际应用时，务必遵循官方指导和相关产品文档。

11 Data ONTAP 8.0 7-Mode NCDA NSO-154 Certification Study Guide

The license for Operations Manager enables Performance Advisor, Protection Manager and Provisioning

Manager are separately licensed products.

NOTE: Management of the FAS storage infrastructure can be promoted to the host operating system

(Windows or UNIX) by the SnapDrive® tool and to the application layer by the SnapManager® tool. Both

tools are optional purchases and require licenses.

The various SAN and network-attached (NAS) protocols differ in many technical details: SAN provides

block-level access, and NAS provides file-level access. Additionally, some protocols use FC connections, and

others use Ethernet. However, both SAN and NAS provide remote systems (hosts) with access to centralized,

shared storage.

Perhaps the simplest way to define the difference between SAN and NAS is by describing how the file system

is managed and how access is shared. For a SAN device, the controller provides block-level access to the

hosts. The hosts then create and manage their own local file system (for example, ext3), and the local file

system is typically not shared with other hosts. On the other hand, NAS storage uses the file system on the

controller—the WAFL® (Write Anywhere File Layout) system, and the controller provides shared file-level

access to multiple remote systems (hosts).

Both FC and iSCSI SANs support multipathing. With multipathing, there are redundant physical paths (two

or more) between a host and the controller. Refer to Figure 4 for an example.

Multipathing ensures storage availability, even if a SAN hardware failure occurs. NetApp supports various

multipathing options for both FC and iSCSI.

 FC and iSCSI multipathing

– With the host platform‘s native multipath I/O (MDIO) driver

– With the NetApp device-specific module (DSM) for Windows

– With the Veritas Dynamic Mulitpath (VxDMP)software

 iSCSI only multipathing, with iSCSI‘s inherent multiple connections per second (MCS)

You choose the multipath solution that best meets the needs of your environment.

The NetApp on the Web (NOW)® online support and services site is available to all customers and business

partners. You should become familiar with the NOW site, as it is a primary resource for questions regarding

the configuration or performance of a FAS storage controller. Some of the resources available on the NOW

site include:

 A knowledgebase (searchable) of NetApp product information

 Online manuals, for all NetApp products

 Software downloads, including updates and evaluation versions

 Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA), used to request replacement of failed hardware

 Bugs online, used to review all known software bugs

 Release Comparison, used to identify the version of Data ONTAP in which a particular bug was fixed

64-BIT AGGREGATES

Before Data ONTAP 8.0, aggregates and, consequently, the volumes within the aggregates were based upon a

32-bit architecture. This architecture effectually limits the size of an aggregate to 16 TB.

As storage demands increase, the 16-TB limitation causes three major issues. First, as the size of each disk

drive increases, the number of drives per aggregate must decrease. For example, in Data ONTAP 7.3, an

aggregate can accommodate only nineteen 1-TB data drives. Second, performance is directly affected. As the

number of drives decreases, the read and write performance that can be realized from an aggregate also

decreases.

12 Data ONTAP 8.0 7-Mode NCDA NSO-154 Certification Study Guide

The third issue with the 16-TB limitation is that aggregate management becomes more complex and less

efficient. For example, a FAS6070 system with 500 TB of storage requires a minimum of 32 aggregates. Such

a requirement greatly increases the complexity of managing large storage arrays.

NetApp is pleased to announce that its Data ONTAP 8.07-Mode operating system supports 64-bit aggregates.

This architecture overcomes the disadvantages of the 16-TB limitation.

NOTE: In Data ONTAP 8.0 Cluster-Mode, 64-bit aggregates are not available.

Data ONTAP 8.0 7-Mode supports aggregates of up to 100 TB—running on top-of-line hardware with greater

aggregate sizes available in the future.

See Figure 5 for information about platforms and maximum aggregate sizes.

* Supported only through a Policy Variation Request (PVR)

FIGURE 5: 64-BIT AGGREGATES—MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE PER PLATFORM

In Data ONTAP 8.0, NetApp added the -B switch to the aggr create command. This switch accepts 32 or

64 as a valid parameter.

aggr create <aggr-name> [-B {32 | 64}]…

The 32 parameter designates a 32-bit aggregate architecture, and the 64 parameter designates a 64-bit

aggregate architecture. The 32 parameter is the default.

To create a 64-bit aggregate, you must explicitly use the 64 parameter. For example, if a storage administrator

enters the following: aggr create sales aggr -B 64 24, a 64-bit aggregate is created. The new

aggregate is named ―sales aggr,‖ and 24 spare disks, chosen by Data ONTAP, are added the new 64-bit

aggregate.

NOTE: The command succeeds only if the specified number of spare disks exists. As in earlier Data ONTAP

releases, the storage administrator can manually choose the disks to be added by specifying a -d switch and

the disk names.

When a storage administrator upgrades a storage system from Data ONTAP 7.3 or earlier to Data ONTAP

8.0, all existing aggregates are designated as 32-bit aggregates. In Data ONTAP 8.0, you cannot directly

convert a 32-bit aggregate to a 64-bit aggregate. Similarly, volumes within a 32-bit aggregate cannot be

moved directly to a 64-bit aggregate. If you want to take advantage of the 64-bit aggregate feature, you must

migrate data from a 32-bit aggregate to a 64-bit aggregate. To migrate data, you may use the ndmpcopy

command.

13 Data ONTAP 8.0 7-Mode NCDA NSO-154 Certification Study Guide

PERFORMANCE

You can use several commands on the FAS storage controller to collect system performance data.

Performance data can consist of a broad summary of system performance or of details about specific

performance parameters.

Some common commands for collecting performance data are:

 sysstat

– The default output includes CIFS, NFS, HTTP; CPU, nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM), network interface

card (NIC), and disk performance values. The –b parameter adds block-level (that is, FC and iSCSI)

performance to the output.

– Example: The sysstat –s 5 command runs every five seconds and prints a summary on

termination. The default interval is 15 seconds.

– Example: The sysstat –u command displays extended utilization data, including consistency

point (CP) time and type. The command can be used to identify when a controller is busy. Outputs

such as cp_from_log_full (‗F‘) and cp_from_cp (‗B‘) indicate that the controller is busy.

 statit

– This command can output performance data on various object types, specific instances of object type,

and other performance counters.

– The command displays many performance items, including per-disk performance data.

 stats

– This advanced mode command can provide low-level performance data.

– Example: The stats show cifs:cifs:cifs_latency command displays the average

latency value for the CIFS protocol.

– Performance counters can also be accessed via the Windows PerfMon GUI (but only if CIFS is

enabled).

Some commands for collecting statistics about the performance of the Ethernet network interface and other

data are:

 netstat: The netstat -i command identifies the network interfaces, the number of in and out

network packets, errors, and collision values

 ifstat: The ifstat –a command displays a low level view of interface performance data, including

transmitted (Tx) and received (Rx) bytes per second

If you cannot resolve a performance problem by using the systat, stats, status, netstat, or

ifstat commands, then you may need to download the perfstat command from the NOW online

support and services site.

Characteristics of the perfstat command:

 Captures all needed performance information

 Captures information from hosts and filers

 Captures all information simultaneously and thus enables cross correlation

 Operates on all host platforms and all filer platforms

 Records all captured data in one plain-text output file

DATA ONTAP SECURITY

The security of the FAS controller, the security of the Data ONTAP operating system, and the security of the

data stored on the controller are different topics. This section deals only with Data ONTAP security.

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