现代物理学原理概论

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"Principles of Modern Physics - Neil A. Ashby & Stanley C. Miller" 《现代物理学原理》是由Neil A. Ashby和Stanley C. Miller编写的，旨在为科学和工程学学生提供一个现代物理学的全面入门。这本书是为已经完成了一年经典物理学课程并掌握了基本微积分知识的学生设计的。书中涵盖了一系列现代物理学的关键领域，包括但不限于以下几个方面： 1. 概率理论：概率理论在现代物理学中起着至关重要的作用，特别是在量子力学和统计力学中，它帮助我们理解和预测不确定性的物理现象。 2. 相对论：分为狭义相对论和广义相对论，这是描述高速运动物体和引力场的基本理论。书中可能涵盖了诸如时间膨胀、长度收缩和质能等价原理等核心概念。 3. 量子力学：量子力学是描述微观粒子行为的理论，如电子和光子。书中可能讨论了波粒二象性、量子态、薛定谔方程、测不准原理以及量子力学的解释，比如哥本哈根解释和多世界解释。 4. 原子物理学：这部分内容可能涉及原子结构、能级、电子云模型以及光谱学，这些都是理解化学反应和固体性质的基础。 5. 统计力学：统计力学结合了热力学和量子力学，用于解释大量粒子系统的宏观性质，如温度、压力和熵。它探讨了理想气体、配分函数和相变等问题。 6. 核物理学：这部分介绍了原子核的结构、稳定性、放射性衰变以及核反应，这对于理解能源生产和粒子加速器实验至关重要。 7. 基本粒子：讨论了构成物质的基本粒子，如夸克和轻子，以及它们之间的强相互作用、弱相互作用和电磁相互作用，可能还包括标准模型的介绍。此书作为Holden-Day系列物理学的一部分，由McAllister Hull和David S. Saxon编辑，旨在提供一个全面且深入的现代物理学学习平台，适合大学阶段的高级学习者。书中可能包含了丰富的例子、习题和实验，以帮助学生巩固理论知识并提升实践能力。同时，书中强调的这些主题通常不会在较低层次的教科书中详细涉及，因此对于深化对现代物理学的理解具有独特价值。

xvi

Contents

14.7 MODELS OF THE NUCLEUS

SUMMARY

PROBLEMS

15 TRANSFORMsATlON OF THE NUCLEUS

15.1 LAW OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY

15.2 HALF-LIFE

15.3 LAW OF DECAY FOR UNSTABLE DAUGHTER NUCLEI

15.4 RADIOACTIVE SERIES

15.5 ALPHA-PARTICLE DECAY

15.6 THEORY OF ALPHA-DECAY

15.7 BETA DECAY

15.8 PHASE SPACE AND THE: THEORY OF BETA DECAY

15.9 ENERGY IN

DECAY

15.10 ELECTRON CAPTURE

15.11 GA,MMA DECAY AND INTERNAL CONVERSION

‘15.12 LOW ENERGY NUCLEAR REACTIONS

15.13 THRESHOLD ENERGY

15.14 NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION

15.15 RADIOACTIVE CARBON DATING

SUMMARY

PROBLEMS

16 ELEMENTARY PARTICLES

16.1 LEPTONS

16.2 MESONS

16.3 BARYONS

16.4 CONSERVATION LAWS

16.5 DETECTION OF PARTICLES

16.6 HYPERCHARGE, ISOTOPIC SPIN PLOTS

16.7 QUARKS

16.8 MESONS IN TERMS OF QUARKS

SUMMARY

PROBLEMS

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX 2

APPENDIX 3

APPENDIX 4

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

421

427

429

431

433

441

443

447

450

452

453

454

456

457

458

461

464

466

467

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472

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introduction

HISTORICAL SURVEY

The term modern physics generally refers to the study

<of

those facts and theories

developed in this century, that concern the ultimate structure and interactions of

matter, space and time. The three main branches of classical physics-mechanics,

heat and electromagnetism---were developed over a period of approximately

two centuries prior to 1900. Newton’s mechanics dealt successfully with the

motions of bodies of macroscopic size moving with low speeds, and provided a

foundation for many of the engineering accomplishments of the eighteenth and

nineteenth centuries. With Maxwell’s discovery of the displacement current and

the completed set of electromagnetic field equations, classical technology re-

ceived new impetus: the telephone, the wireless, electric light and power, and a

host of other applications followed.

Yet the theories of mechanics and electromagnetism were not quite consistent

with each other. According to the

G&lean

principle of relativity, recognized by

Newton, the laws of mecharlics should be expressed in the same mathematical

form by observers in different inertial frames of reference, which are moving with

constant velocity relative to each other. The transformation equations, relating

measurements in two relatively moving inertial frames, were not consistent with

the transformations obtained by Lorentz from

similclr

considerations of

form-

invariance applied to Maxwell’s equations. Furthermore, by around 1900 a

number of phenomena had been discovered which were inexplicable on the basis

of classical theories.

The first

major

step toward a deeper understanding of the Inature of space

and time measurements was due to Albert Einstein, whose special theory of rela-

tivity (1905) resolved the inconsistency between mechanics and electromagnetism

by showing, among other things, that Newtonian mechanics is only a first ap-

proximation to a more general set of mechanical laws; the approximation is,

however, extremely good when the bodies move with speeds which are small

compared to the speed of light. Among the impel-tant results obtained by

Einstein was the equivalence of mass and energy, expressed in the famous

equation E = mc2.

From a logical standpoint, special relativity lies at the heart of modern

physics. The hypothesis that electromagnetic radiaticmn energy is quantized in

bunches of amount hu, where

is the frequency and h is a constant, enabled

introduction

Planck to explain the intensity distribution of black-body radiation. This occurred

several years before Einstein published his special theory of relativity in 1905.

At about this time, Einstein also applied the quantum hypothesis to photons in an

explanation of the photoelectric effect. This hypothesis was found to be con-

sistent with special relativity. Similarly,

Bohr’s postulate-that the electron’s

angular momentum in the hydrogen atom is quantized in discrete

amounts-

enabled him to explain the positions of the spectral lines in hydrogen. These first

guesses at a quantum theory were followed in the first quarter of the century by

a number of refinements and ad hoc quantization rules; these, however, achieved

only limited success. It was not until after 1924, when Louis de Broglie proposed,

on the basis of relativity theory, that waves were associated with material par-

ticles, that the foundations of a correct quantum theory were laid. Following

de Broglie’s suggestion,

Schrodinger

in 1926 proposed a wave equation describ-

ing the propagation of these particle-waves, and developed a quantitative

explanation of atomic spectral line intensities. In a few years thereafter, the

success of the new wave mechanics revolutionized physics.

Following the discovery of electron spin, Pauli’s exclusion principle was rigor-

ously established, providing the explanation for the structure of the periodic

table of the elements and for many of the details of the chemical properties of

the elements. Statistical properties of the systems of many particles were studied

from the point of view of quantum theory, enabling Sommerfeld to explain the

behavior of electrons in a metal. Bloch’s treatment of electron waves in crystals

simplified the application of quantum theory to problems of electrons in solids.

Dirac, while investigating the possible first order wave equations allowed by

relativity theory, discovered that a positively charged electron should exist; this

particle, called a positron, was later discovered. These are only a few of the

many discoveries which were made in the decade from 1925-l 935.

From one point of view, modern physics has steadily progressed toward the

study of smaller and smaller features of the microscopic structure of matter, using

the conceptual tools of relativity and quantum theory. Basic understanding of

atomic properties was in principle achieved by means of Schrodinger’s equation

in 1926. (In practice,. working out the implications of the

Schrodinger

wave

mechanics for atoms and molecules is difficult, due to the large number of

variables which appear in the equation for systems of more than two or three

particles.) Starting

iIn1

1932 with the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick,

properties of atomic nuclei have become known and understood in greater and

greater detail. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are byproducts of these studies,

which are still extrernely active. At the present time some details of the inner

structure of protons, neutrons and other particles involved in nuclear inter-

actions are just beginning to be unveiled.

Over fifty of the s’o-called elementary particles have been discovered. These

particles are ordinarily created by collisions between high-energy particles of

some other type, usually nuclei or electrons. Most of the elementary particles are

unstable and decay

illto

other more stable objects in a very short time. The study

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