EPC Gen2 UHF RFID 860-960MHz Protocol Specification (English Version)

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EPC Gen2是英文版的超高频RFID（Radio-Frequency Identification）通信协议，由EPCglobal Inc.于2005年7月19日发布，适用于860MHz至960MHz的通信频段。该版本为1.1.0草案1，强调了知识产权保护，任何未经许可的复制、修改或使用都必须遵循EPCglobal的知识产权政策。本规范的范围广泛，主要包括以下几个关键部分： 1. **范围**：EPC Gen2协议适用于第一类（Class-1）设备，目标是确保在UHF频段内的高效且兼容的通信。它定义了标签（Tags）和读取器（Interrogators，即RFID阅读器）之间的交互标准。 2. **符合性要求**： - **声称符合性**：制造商在开发和部署产品时，需要证明其产品满足EPC Gen2协议的所有规定。 - **通用符合性**：对于读取器，要求能够支持协议中的强制性命令和可选命令；对于标签，除了标准命令，还可能接受专有命令和定制命令，但必须在协议允许的范围内。 3. **规范引用**：规范提供了详细的结构和扩展性指导，包括强制执行的命令结构，如基本的命令集（Mandatory commands）如读取、写入和认证请求，以及可选项（Optional commands），如错误报告和版本查询。此外，协议允许设备供应商添加自定义命令（Custom commands），但这必须符合协议的开放架构原则，不会影响互操作性。 4. **版权和授权**：EPCglobal强调未经授权的复制和使用是非法的，并鼓励所有用户在使用前申请许可。违反者可能会面临法律诉讼。 EPC Gen2英文版是关于UHF RFID技术的标准化通信协议，它为设备间的通信设定了明确规则，确保了数据的可靠传输和一致性。制造商和开发者在设计和实施EPC Gen2兼容设备时，必须充分理解并遵守这些规范，以确保整个供应链的高效运作和互操作性。

DSB Double sideband

DSB-ASK Double-sideband amplitude-shift keying

EPC Electronic product code

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FDM Frequency-Division Multiplexing

FHSS Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

Handle 16-bit Tag-authentication number

NSI Numbering system identifier

PIE Pulse-interval encoding

Pivot Decision threshold differentiating an R=>T data-0 symbol from a data-1 symbol

Plaintext Information that is not cover-coded

ppm Parts-per-million

PSK Phase shift keying or phase shift keyed

PR-ASK Phase-reversal amplitude shift keying

RF Radio frequency

RFID Radio-frequency identification

RFU Reserved for future use

RN16 16-bit random or pseudo-random number

RNG Random or pseudo-random number generator

ITF Interrogator talks first (reader talks first)

SSB Single sideband

SSB-ASK Single-sideband amplitude-shift keying

TDM Time-division multiplexing or time-division multiplexed (as appropriate)

TID Tag-identification or Tag identifier, depending on context

Word 16 bits

5.3 Notation

This specification uses the following notational conventions:

• States and flags are denoted in bold. Example: ready.

• Commands are denoted in italics. Variables are also denoted in italics. Where there might be confusion

between commands and variables, this specification will make an explicit statement. Example: Query.

• Command parameters are underlined. Example: Pointer

• For logical negation, labels are preceded by ‘~’. Example: If flag is true, then ~flag is false.

• The symbol, R=>T, refers to commands or signaling from an Interrogator to a Tag (Reader-to-Tag).

• The symbol, T=>R, refers to commands or signaling from a Tag to an Interrogator (Tag-to-Reader).

6. Protocol requirements

6.1 Protocol overview

6.1.1 Physical layer

An Interrogator sends information to one or more Tags by modulating an RF carrier using double-sideband ampli-

tude shift keying (DSB-ASK), single-sideband amplitude shift keying (SSB-ASK), or phase-reversal amplitude shift

keying (PR-ASK) using a pulse-interval encoding (PIE) format. Tags receive their operating energy from this

same modulated RF carrier.

An Interrogator receives information from a Tag by transmitting an unmodulated RF carrier and listening for a

backscattered reply. Tags communicate information by backscatter modulating the amplitude and/or phase of the

RF carrier. The encoding format, selected in response to Interrogator commands, is either FM0 or Miller-

modulated subcarrier. The communications link between Interrogators and Tags is half-duplex, meaning that

Tags shall not be required to demodulate Interrogator commands while backscattering. A Tag shall not respond to

a mandatory or optional command using full-duplex communications.

6.1.2 Tag-identification layer

An Interrogator manages Tag populations using three basic operations:

a) Select. The operation of choosing a Tag population for inventory and access. A Select command may be

applied successively to select a particular Tag population based on user-specified criteria. This operation

is analogous to selecting records from a database.

b) Inventory. The operation of identifying Tags. An Interrogator begins an inventory round by transmitting a

Query command in one of four sessions. One or more Tags may reply. The Interrogator detects a single

Tag reply and requests the PC, EPC, and CRC-16 from the Tag. Inventory comprises multiple com-

mands. An inventory round operates in one and only one session at a time.

c) Access. The operation of communicating with (reading from and/or writing to) a Tag. An individual Tag

must be uniquely identified prior to access. Access comprises multiple commands, some of which employ

one-time-pad based cover-coding of the R=>T link.

6.2 Protocol parameters

6.2.1 Signaling – Physical and media access control (MAC) parameters

Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 provide an overview of parameters for R=>T and T=>R communications according to this

specification; for detailed requirements refer to the referenced Subclause. For those parameters that do not apply

to or are not used in this specification, the notation “N/A” shall indicate that the parameter is “Not Applicable”.

Ref. Parameter Name Description Subclause

Int:1 Operating Frequency Range 860 – 960 MHz, as required by local regulations 6.3.1.1

Int:1a Default Operating Frequency

Determined by local radio regulations and by the

radio-frequency environment at the time of the

communication

6.3.1.1

Int:1b

Operating Channels

(spread-spectrum systems)

In accordance with local regulations; if the chan-

nelization is unregulated, then as specified

6.3.1.2.10,

Annex G

Int:1c Operating Frequency Accuracy As specified 6.3.1.2.1

Int:1d

Frequency Hop Rate

(frequency-hopping [FHSS] systems)

In accordance with local regulations 6.3.1.2.9

Int:1e

Frequency Hop Sequence

(frequency-hopping [FHSS] systems)

In accordance with local regulations 6.3.1.2.9

Int:2 Occupied Channel Bandwidth In accordance with local regulations N/A

Int:2a Minimum Receiver Bandwidth In accordance with local regulations N/A

Int:3 Interrogator Transmit Maximum EIRP In accordance with local regulations N/A

Int:4

Interrogator Transmit Spurious Emis-

sions

As specified; tighter emission limits may be im-

posed by local regulations

6.3.1.2.11

Int:4a

Interrogator Transmit Spurious Emis-

sions, In-Band (spread-spectrum sys-

tems)

As specified; tighter emission limits may be im-

posed by local regulations

6.3.1.2.11

Int:4b

Interrogator Transmit Spurious Emis-

sions, Out-of-Band

As specified; tighter emission limits may be im-

posed by local regulations

6.3.1.2.11

Int:5

Interrogator Transmitter Spectrum

Mask

As specified; tighter emission limits may be im-

posed by local regulations

Figure 6.6,

Figure 6.7

Int:6 Timing As specified

6.3.1.5, Figure

6.16, Table 6.13

Int:6a

Transmit-to-Receive Turn-Around

Time

MAX(RTcal,10T

pri

) nominal

6.3.1.5, Figure

6.16, Table 6.13

Int:6b

Receive-to-Transmit Turn-Around

Time

pri

minimum; 20T

pri

maximum when Tag is in

reply & acknowledged states; no limit otherwise

6.3.1.5, Figure

6.16, Table 6.13

Int:6c

Dwell Time or Interrogator Transmit

Power-On Ramp

1500 µs, maximum settling time

6.3.1.2.6, Figure

6.3, Table 6.6

Int:6d

Decay Time or Interrogator Transmit

Power-Down Ramp

500 µs, maximum

6.3.1.2.7 Figure

6.3, Table 6.7

Int:7 Modulation DSB-ASK, SSB-ASK, or PR-ASK 6.3.1.2.2

Int:7a

Spreading Sequence

(direct-sequence [DSSS] systems)

N/A N/A

Int:7b

Chip Rate

(spread-spectrum systems)

N/A N/A

Int:7c

Chip Rate Accuracy

(spread-spectrum systems)

N/A N/A

Int:7d Modulation Depth 90% nominal

6.3.1.2.5, Figure

6.2, Table 6.5

Int:7e Duty Cycle 48% – 82.3% (time the waveform is high)

6.3.1.2.3, Figure

6.1, Table 6.5

Int:7f FM Deviation N/A N/A

Int:8 Data Coding PIE

6.3.1.2.3,

Figure 6.1

Int:9 Bit Rate

26.7 kbps to 128 kbps (assuming equiprobable

data)

6.3.1.2.4

Int:9a Bit Rate Accuracy +/– 1%, minimum 6.3.1.2.4

Int:10

Interrogator Transmit Modulation Ac-

curacy

As specified 6.3.1.2.4

Table 6.1

–

Interrogato

-to-Tag (R=>T) communications

Ref. Parameter Name Description Subclause

Int:11 Preamble Required 6.3.1.2.8

Int:11a Preamble Length As specified 6.3.1.2.8

Int:11b Preamble Waveform(s) As specified Figure 6.4

Int:11c Bit Sync Sequence None N/A

Int:11d Frame Sync Sequence Required

6.3.1.2.8,

Figure 6.4

Int:12

Scrambling (spread-spectrum sys-

tems)

N/A N/A

Int:13 Bit Transmission Order MSB is transmitted first 6.3.1.4

Int:14 Wake-up process As specified 6.3.1.3.4

Int:15 Polarization Not specified N/A

Ref. Parameter Name Description Subclause

Tag:1 Operating Frequency Range 860 – 960 MHz, inclusive 6.3.1.1

Tag:1a Default Operating Frequency

Tags respond to Interrogator signals that satisfy

Int:1a

6.3.1.1

Tag:1b

Operating Channels

(spread-spectrum systems)

Tags respond to Interrogator signals that satisfy

Int:1b

6.3.1.2.10

Tag:1c Operating Frequency Accuracy As specified

6.3.1.3.3

Table 6.9

Tag:1d

Frequency Hop Rate

(frequency-hopping [FHSS] systems)

Tags respond to Interrogator signals that satisfy

Int:1d

6.3.1.2.9

Tag:1e

Frequency Hop Sequence

(frequency-hopping [FHSS] systems)

Tags respond to Interrogator signals that satisfy

Int:1e

6.3.1.2.9

Tag:2 Occupied Channel Bandwidth In accordance with local regulations N/A

Tag:3 Transmit Maximum EIRP In accordance with local regulations N/A

Tag:4 Transmit Spurious Emissions In accordance with local regulations N/A

Tag:4a

Transmit Spurious Emissions, In-Band

(spread spectrum systems)

In accordance with local regulations N/A

Tag:4b

Transmit Spurious Emissions, Out-of-

Band

In accordance with local regulations N/A

Tag:5 Transmit Spectrum Mask In accordance with local regulations N/A

Tag:6a

Transmit-to-Receive Turn-Around

Time

pri

minimum, 20T

pri

maximum in reply & ac-

knowledged states; no limit otherwise

6.3.1.5 Figure

6.16, Table 6.13

Tag:6b

Receive-to-Transmit Turn-Around

Time

MAX(RTcal,10T

pri

) nominal

6.3.1.5 Figure

6.16, Table 6.13

Tag:6c

Dwell Time or Transmit Power-On

Ramp

Receive commands 1.5 ms after power-up 6.3.1.3.4

Tag:6d

Decay Time or Transmit Power-Down

Ramp

N/A N/A

Table 6.2

–

Tag-to-Interrogator (T=>R) communications

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