JavaFX UI控件教程：构建用户界面

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"JavaFX UI控件指南，涵盖了控件的基本使用方法，适用于JavaFX API的2.2版本。教程由Alla Redko撰写，详细介绍了如何在JavaFX应用程序中构建用户界面。" JavaFX UI控件是JavaFX平台的核心组成部分，用于创建丰富且动态的图形用户界面。在JavaFX 2.2版本中，开发者可以利用一系列预定义的控件来设计高效、美观的应用程序界面。这些控件包括按钮（Button）、文本字段（TextField）、选择框（ComboBox）、滑块（Slider）、进度条（ProgressBar）、菜单栏（MenuBar）以及各种布局容器，如网格面板（GridPane）、堆叠面板（StackPane）和边界面板（BorderPane）等。控件的基本使用方法通常包括以下几个步骤： 1. **导入库**：首先，需要在Java源代码中导入相应的JavaFX库，例如`import javafx.scene.control.Button;` 2. **创建控件**：通过类的实例化创建控件对象，如`Button btn = new Button("Click me!");` 3. **设置属性**：可以修改控件的属性，如文本、大小、颜色等，`btn.setText("新文本"); btn.setStyle("-fx-background-color: #ff0000;");` 4. **布局管理**：将控件添加到场景（Scene）或布局容器中，以便它们在界面上显示。例如，`GridPane grid = new GridPane(); grid.add(btn, 0, 0);` 5. **事件处理**：注册事件监听器，响应用户操作，如`btn.setOnAction(e -> System.out.println("Button clicked"));` 6. **显示界面**：最后，将场景与舞台（Stage）关联，并显示舞台，`Stage stage = new Stage(); stage.setScene(new Scene(grid)); stage.show();` JavaFX还支持CSS样式表，可以实现更复杂的界面定制，通过分离界面样式和逻辑，提高代码可维护性。同时，JavaFX的FXML语言允许开发者使用XML定义界面布局和组件，让界面设计更为清晰和模块化。此外，JavaFX提供了一些高级控件，如日期选择器（DatePicker）、时间选择器（TimePicker）、日历组件（CalendarView）和树视图（TreeView），它们具有丰富的交互功能，能够满足多种应用场景的需求。请注意，使用JavaFX时，需要遵循Oracle的软件许可协议，未经授权，不得非法复制、分发或反编译软件。如果你在使用过程中发现任何错误，建议以书面形式向Oracle报告。 JavaFX UI控件是构建现代、跨平台桌面应用和Web应用的强大工具，其丰富的功能和易用性使得开发者可以快速地创建出具有专业外观和功能的用户界面。

Setting a Font

2-2 JavaFX/Using JavaFX UI Controls

The setTextFill method specifies the color to paint the text element of the label.

Study Example 2–2. It creates a text label, adds an icon to it, and specifies a fill color

for the text.

Example 2–2 Adding an Icon and Text Fill to a Label

Label label1 = new Label("Search");

Image image = new Image(getClass().getResourceAsStream("labels.jpg"));

label1.setGraphic(new ImageView(image));

label1.setTextFill(Color.web("#0076a3"));

When this code fragment is added to the application, it produces the label shown in

Figure 2–2.

Figure 2–2 Label with Icon

When defining both text and graphical content for your button, you can use the

setGraphicTextGap method to set the gap between them.

Additionally, you can vary the position of the label content within its layout area by

using the setTextAlignment method. You can also define the position of the

graphic relative to the text by applying the setContentDisplay method and

specifying one of the following ContentDisplay constant: LFFT, RIGHT, CENTER,

TOP, BOTTOM.

Setting a Font

Compare the Search labels in Figure 2–1 and Figure 2–2. Notice that the label in

Figure 2–1 has a larger font size. This is because the code fragment shown in

Example 2–2 does not specify any font settings for the label. It is rendered with the

default font size.

To provide a font text size other than the default for your label use the setFont

method of the Labeled class. The code fragment in Example 2–3 sets the size of the

label1 text to 30 points and the font name to Arial. For label2 sets the text size to 32

points and the font name to Cambria.

Example 2–3 Applying Font Settings

//Use a constructor of the Font class

label1.setFont(new Font("Arial", 30));

//Use the font method of the Font class

label2.setFont(Font.font("Cambria", 32));

Wrapping Text

When you create a label, sometimes you must fit it within a space that is smaller than

you need to render. To break up (wrap) the text so that is can fit into the layout area,

set the true value for the setWrapText method, as shown in Example 2–4.

Applying Effects

Label 2-3

Example 2–4 Enable Text Wrapping

Label label3 = new Label("A label that needs to be wrapped");

label3.setWrapText(true);

When label3 is added to the content of an application, it is rendered as shown in

Figure 2–3.

Figure 2–3 Label with Wrapped Text

Suppose that the layout area of the label is limited not only by its width, but also by its

height. You can specify the behavior of a label when it is impossible to render the

entire required text string. Use the setTextOverrun method of the Labeled class

and one of the available OverrunStyle types to define how to process the part of the

text string that cannot be rendered properly. See the API documentation for more

information about OverrunStyle types.

Applying Effects

Although a label is static content and cannot be edited, you can apply visual effects or

transformations to it. The code fragment in Example 2–5 rotates label2 270 degrees and

translates its position vertically.

Example 2–5 Rotating a Label

Label label2 = new Label ("Values");

label2.setFont(new Font("Cambria", 32));

label2.setRotate(270);

label2.setTranslateY(50);

Rotation and translation are typical transformations available in the JavaFX API.

Additionally, you can set up an effect that zooms (magnifies) the label when a user

hovers the mouse cursor over it.

The code fragment shown in Example 2–6 applies the zoom effect to label3. When the

MOUSE_ENTERED event is fired on the label, the scaling factor of 1.5 is set for the

setScaleX and setScaleY methods. When a user moves the mouse cursor off of the

label and the MOUSE_EXITED event occurs, the scale factor is set to 1.0, and the label is

rendered in its original size.

Example 2–6 Applying the Zoom Effect

label3.setOnMouseEntered(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {

@Override public void handle(MouseEvent e) {

label3.setScaleX(1.5);

label3.setScaleY(1.5);

}

});

label3.setOnMouseExited(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {

@Override public void handle(MouseEvent e) {

label3.setScaleX(1);

label3.setScaleY(1);

}

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