C++ Primer 第四版：现代编程指南

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"C++ Primer, Fourth Edition 是一本由Stanley B. Lippman, Josée Lajoie和Barbara E. Moo合著的C++编程教程。这本书在2005年由Addison-Wesley Professional出版，印刷版ISBN为0-201-72148-1，共912页，包含了全面的目录和索引。" C++ Primer, 第四版是C++初学者和进阶者的热门教程，针对标准C++进行了全面更新、重组和重写，旨在帮助程序员更快地掌握这门语言，并更有效地使用它。自上一版以来，C++语言已经发展，作者的教学方法也随之演变。他们现在从一开始就引入了C++标准库，使读者能够在掌握所有语言细节之前编写出有用的程序。本书强调了现代的最佳实践，教导如何编写安全、构建快速且性能出众的程序。利用C++标准库的示例和对C++特性的解释，展示了如何最大限度地利用这门语言。与前几版一样，书中的权威讨论深入解析了C++的各个方面，包括类、模板、异常处理、输入/输出流、泛型编程等关键概念。 C++ Primer第四版的独特之处在于，它不仅教授语言语法，还关注实际应用。通过引入标准库，读者可以学习如何使用STL（Standard Template Library），包括容器（如vector、list、set）、迭代器、算法和函数对象。此外，书中也涵盖了C++的面向对象特性，如继承、多态和抽象类，以及后来添加的C++11和C++14新特性，如lambda表达式、右值引用、自动类型推断（auto）等。本书适合希望深入理解C++并将其应用于实际项目的开发者，无论你是刚接触编程的新手还是有一定经验的程序员，都能从中受益。通过阅读本书，你将能够理解C++的核心概念，掌握编写高效代码的技巧，并了解如何利用C++标准库来提升开发效率和代码质量。C++ Primer, Fourth Edition 是一本全面而深入的C++学习指南，对于任何致力于在C++领域提升技能的人来说都是不可或缺的参考书。

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Part V: Advanced Topics

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Part V: Advanced Topics

第五部分高级主题

Part V covers additional features that, although useful in the right context, are not needed by every C++ programmer. These

features divide into two clusters: those that are useful for large-scale problems and those that are applicable to specialized

problems rather than general ones.

第五部分涵盖了一些高级特征，虽然它们在适当情况下是有用的，但不是每个 C++ 程序员都需要。这些特征分为两类：用于规模问题，以及应用于特殊问题

的。

Chapter 17 covers exception handling, namespaces, and multiple inheritance. These features tend to be most useful in the context

of large-scale problems.

第十七章涵盖了异常处理、命名空间和多重继承。这些特征在大规模问题的环境中最有用。

Even programs simple enough to be written by a single author can benefit from exception handling, which is why we introduced the

basics of exception handling in Chapter 6. However, the need to deal with unexpected run-time errors tends to be more important

and harder to manage in problems that require large programming teams. In Chapter 17 we review some additional useful

exception-handling facilities. We also look in more detail at how exceptions are handled and the implications of exceptions on

resource allocation and destruction. We also show how we can define and use our own exception classes.

即使是可由一个开发人员编写的简单程序也可以从异常处理中获益，这是我们之所以要在第六章介绍异常处理基础知识的原因。但是，在需要大的编程团队的

问题中，处理不可预期的运行时错误变得更加重要，更难管理。第十七章将讨论另外一些有用的异常处理设施，还将更详细地介绍怎样处理异常、资源分配和

回收异常的含义，以及怎样定义和使用自己的异常类。

Large-scale applications often use code from multiple independent vendors. Combining independently developed libraries would be

difficult (if not impossible) if vendors had to put the names they define into a single namespace. Independently developed libraries

would almost inevitably use names in common with one another; a name defined in one library would conflict with the use of that

name in another library. To avoid name collisions, we can define names inside a namespace.

大规模应用程序经常使用来自多个独立供应商的代码，如果将供应商定义的名字都放在一个命名空间，组合独立开发的库即使不是完全不可能，将是很困难

的。独立开发的库几乎不可避免地会使用彼此相同的名字，一个库中定义的名字可能会与其他库中的相同名冲突。为了避免名字冲突，可以将名字定义在

namespace 内。

Right from the beginning of this book we have used namespaces. Whenever we use a name from the standard library, we are using

a name defined in the namespace named std. Chapter 17 shows how we can define our own namespaces.

其实从本书一开始我们已经使用了命名空间。只要用到标准库中的名字，其实都是在使用名为 std 的命名空间中的定义的名字。第十七章将介绍怎样自定义

命名空间。

Chapter 17 closes by looking at an important but infrequently used language feature: multiple inheritance. Multiple inheritance is

most useful for fairly complicated inheritance hierarchies.

第十七章的最后介绍了一个重要但不常用的语言特征——多重继承。多重继承对于相当复杂的继承层次最为有用。

Chapter 18 covers several specialized tools and techniques. These tools and techniques are applicable to particular kinds of

problems.

第十八章讨论了几个特殊的工具和技术，这些工具和技术可应用于某些特定类型的问题。

The first part of Chapter 18 shows how classes can define their own optimized memory management. We next look at C++ support

for run-time type identification (RTTI). These facilities let us determine the actual type of an object at run-time.

第十八章的第一节介绍了类怎样自定义优化内存管理，接着介绍 C++ 对运行时类型识别（RTTI）的支持，这种设施使我们能够在运行时确定对象的实际类

型。

Next, we look at how we can define and use pointers to class members. Pointers to class members differ from pointers to ordinary

data or functions. Ordinary pointers only vary based on the type of the object or function. Pointers to members must also reflect

the class to which the member belongs.

接下来，介绍怎样定义和使用类成员的指针。类成员的指针不同于指向普通数据或函数的指针，普通指针只根据对象或函数的类型而变化，而成员的指针还必

须反映成员所属的类。

We then look at three additional aggregate types: unions, nested classes, and local classes.

然后，介绍另外三种聚合类型：联合、嵌套类和局部类。

The chapter closes by looking briefly at a collection of features that are inherently nonportable: the volatile qualifier, bit-fields, and

linkage directives.

Appendix A. The Library

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Appendix A. The Library

附录 A. 标准库

CONTENTS

Section A.1 Library Names and Headers 810

Section A.2 A Brief Tour of the Algorithms 811

Section A.3 The IO Library Revisited 825

This appendix presents additional useful details about the library. We'll start by collecting in one place the names we used from the standard

library. Table A.1 on the next page lists each name and the header that defines that name.

本附录提供了标准库更多有用的细节。首先将标准库中的名字集中在一起，表 A.1 列出每个名字以及定义该名字的头文件。

Chapter 11 covered the library algorithms. That chapter illustrated how some of the more common algorithms are used, and described the

architecture that underlies the algorithms library. In this Appendix, we list all the algorithms, organized by the kinds of operations they perform.

第十一章讨论标准库算法，那一章举例说明了怎样使用一些比较常用的算法，并描述了算法库的体系结构。本附录中将列出所有算法，按它们执行的操作种类组织。

We close by examining some additional IO library capabilities: format control, unformatted IO, and random access on files. Each IO type defines a

collection of format states and associated functions to control those states. These format states give us finer control over how input and output

works. The IO we've done has all been formattedthe input and output routines know about the types we use and format the data on input or

output accordingly. There are also unformatted IO functions that deal with the stream at the char level, doing no interpretation of the data. In

Chapter 8 we saw that the fstream type can read and write the same file. In this Appendix, we'll see how to do so.

本附录的最后考察了另一些 IO库的功能，包括格式控制、未格式化的 IO 和文件随机访问。每个 IO 类型定义了格式状态和控制这些状态的相关函数集合。使用这些格式状态

我们能够更好地控制输入和输出的工作。我们已经做过的 IO 都是格式化的——输入和输出例程了解使用的类型，并据此格式化输入和输出数据。还有未格式化的 IO 函数，它

们在 char 级别处理流，不解释数据。第八章介绍过 fstream 类型能读写同一文件，本附录将介绍怎样做到这一点。

Changes to the Fourth Edition

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Changes to the Fourth Edition

第四版的改动

In this edition, we have completely reorganized and rewritten the C++ Primer to highlight modern styles of C++ programming. This edition gives

center stage to using the standard library while deemphasizing techniques for low-level programming. We introduce the standard library much

earlier in the text and have reformulated the examples to take advantage of library facilities. We have also streamlined and reordered the

presentation of language topics.

为了体现现代 C++ 编程风格，我们重新组织并重写了本书。书中不再强调低层编程技术，而把中心转向标准库的使用。书中很早就开始介绍标准库，示例也已经重新改写，充

分利用了标准库设施。我们也对语言主题叙述的先后次序进行了重新编排，使讲解更加流畅。

In addition to restructuring the text, we have incorporated several new elements to enhance the reader's understanding. Each chapter concludes

with a Chapter Summary and glossary of Defined Terms, which recap the chapter's most important points. Readers should use these sections as a

personal checklist: If you do not understand a term, restudy the corresponding part of the chapter.

除重新组织内容外，为了便于读者理解，我们还增加了几个新的环节。每一章都新增了“小结”和“术语”，概括本章要点。读者可以利用这些部分进行自我检查；如果发现还有不

理解的概念，可以重新学习该章中的相关部分。

We've also incorporated a number of other learning aids in the body of the text:

书中还加入了下述几种学习辅助手段：

Important terms are indicated in bold; important terms that we assume are already familiar to the reader are indicated in bold italics.

Each term appears in the chapter's Defined Terms section.

重要术语用黑体表示，我们认为读者已经熟悉的重要术语则用楷体表示。这些术语都会出现在的“术语”部分。

Throughout the book, we highlight parts of the text to call attention to important aspects of the language, warn about common pitfalls,

suggest good programming practices, and provide general usage tips. We hope that these notes will help readers more quickly digest

important concepts and avoid common pitfalls.

书中用特殊版式突出标注的文字，是为了向读者提醒语言的重要特征，警示常见的错误，标明良好的编程实践，列出通用的使用技巧。希望这些标注可以帮助读者更快

地消化重要概念，避免犯常见错误。

To make it easier to follow the relationships among features and concepts, we provide extensive forward and backward cross-references.

为了更易于理解各种特征或概念间的关系，书中大量使用了前后交叉引用。

We have provided sidebar discussions that focus on important concepts and supply additional explanations for topics that programmers new

to C++ often find most difficult.

对于某些重要概念和 C++ 新手最头疼的问题，我们进行了额外的讨论和解释。这部分也以特殊版式标出。

Learning any programming language requires writing programs. To that end, the primer provides extensive examples throughout the text.

Source code for the extended examples is available on the Web at the following URL:

学习任何程序设计语言都需要编写程序。因此，本提供了大量的示例。所有示例的源代码可以从下列网址获得：

http://www.awprofessional.com/cpp_primer

What hasn't changed from earlier versions is that the book remains a comprehensive tutorial introduction to C++. Our intent is to provide a clear,

complete and correct guide to the language. We teach the language by presenting a series of examples, which, in addition to explaining language

features, show how to make the best use of C++. Although knowledge of C (the language on which C++ was originally based) is not assumed, we

do assume the reader has programmed in a modern block-structured language.

万变不离其宗，本书保持了前几版的特色，仍然是一部全面介绍 C++ 的教程。我们的目标是提供一本清晰、全面、准确的指南性读物。我们通过讲解一系列示例来教授 C++

语言，示例除了解释语言特征外，还展示了如何善用这门语言。虽然读者不需要事先学过 C 语言（C++ 最初的基础）的知识，但我们假定读者已经掌握了一种现代结构化语

言。

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