动态时隙分配的IQueue-MAC协议：自适应流量优化与节能

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IQueue-MAC是一种针对无线传感器网络设计的新型流量自适应占空比介质访问控制（MAC）协议，其目标是解决低 duty-cycling 技术在节省能源的同时带来的有限吞吐量问题。传统上，为了延长电池寿命，许多无线传感器网络的MAC协议倾向于采用较低的占空比，但这可能导致在数据传输高峰期出现性能瓶颈。该协议的核心创新在于结合了 CSMA/CA（Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance）机制与动态时隙分配策略。iQueue-MAC通过监控每个传感器节点的数据队列长度，智能地动态调整时隙分配。在轻载通信期间，系统不会额外分配时隙，从而维持低能耗模式，确保节能效果。然而，当数据流量增大，如突发或高流量负载时，iQueue-MAC会根据队列情况增加相应节点的时隙分配，从而实现即刻且能效较高的数据传输，提高网络的整体吞吐量。通过这种方式，iQueue-MAC能够在满足实时性和能量效率之间找到一个平衡，特别是在面对非均匀的流量分布时，它能够灵活地适应不同场景的需求。此外，该协议还可能考虑到实时性要求，例如在物联网应用中的实时监控和控制任务，确保数据及时发送和接收。为了实施iQueue-MAC，论文作者Shuguo Zhuo、Zhi Wang、Ye-Qiong Song、Zhibo Wang和Luis Almeida分别来自浙江大学、洛林大学和葡萄牙波尔图大学的研究团队，他们共同贡献了各自领域的专业知识，包括工业控制技术、计算机科学和无线通信技术。他们的研究旨在推动无线传感器网络的发展，提供一种适应性强、能源节约的MAC解决方案，这对于未来物联网（IoT）和无线传感器网络的广泛应用具有重要意义。

iQueue-MAC: A Trafﬁc Adaptive duty-cycled MAC

Protocol With Dynamic Slot Allocation

Shuguo Zhuo

†

, Zhi Wang

†

, Ye-Qiong Song

‡

, Zhibo Wang

†

and Luis Almeida

†

State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, CHINA

Email: zhuosgzju@gmail.com, {wangzhi, zbwang}@iipc.zju.edu.cn

‡

LORIA, University of Lorraine, Campus Scientiﬁque, Vandoeuvre, France

Email: song@loria.fr

Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Universidade do Porto, FEUP, Porto, Portugal

Email: lda@fe.up.pt

Abstract—Duty-cycling technique has been widely adopted in

MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks to conserve energy.

However, low duty-cycle also leads to limited throughput in most

of existing solutions. In this paper, we propose iQueue-MAC to

provide immediate yet energy-efﬁcient throughput enhancement

for dealing with burst or heavy trafﬁc. Combined with CSMA/CA,

iQueue-MAC makes use of queue length of each sensor node and

allocates suitable TDMA slots to them for packets transmission.

During light trafﬁc period, no extra slots will be allocated;

iQueue-MAC acts like other low duty-cycle MACs to conserve

power. While in burst or heavy trafﬁc period, iQueue-MAC

senses the build up of packet queues and dynamically schedules

adequate number of slots for packet transmission. We have

implemented iQueue-MAC on STM32W108 chips that offer

IEEE 802.15.4 standard communication. We set up several real-

world experimental scenarios, including a 46 nodes multi-hop

test-bed for simulating a general application, and conducted

numerous experiments to evaluate iQueue-MAC, in comparison

with other trafﬁc adaptive duty-cycle protocols, such as multi-

channel version RI-MAC and CoSenS. Results clearly show that

iQueue-MAC outperforms multi-channel version of RI-MAC and

CoSenS in terms of packet delay and throughput.

I. INTRODUCTION

In wireless sensor networks (WSN), keeping nodes in

low duty-cycle, i.e., interleaving very short active and long

sleeping periods, is the most efﬁcient way to save energy, thus

prolonging network lifetime. However, there is a cost to pay in

both low network throughput and extra packet delay, since the

network nominal data rate is roughly decreased by the duty-

cycle factor and a packet should wait until the next forwarder

wakes up to transmit it. How to provide high throughput and

short delay, while still keeping low power consumption (so

low duty-cycle), is the main challenge of the current WSN

MAC protocol research. In fact, from typical application point

of view, in addition to low rate periodic trafﬁc, burst trafﬁc is

triggered following event detections. So an ideal MAC protocol

should be able to self-adapt its offered bandwidth to cope with

the dynamic trafﬁc load, so that the energy is only used for

carrying the application trafﬁc whenever needed.

Lots of low power trafﬁc adaptive MAC protocols have

been proposed [5]. For instance, in contention-based WSN,

for better dealing with the collisions during burst trafﬁc period,

Strawman MAC protocol [9], upon detection of collisions at

the receiver, uses a kind of black burst mechanism [14] for

better resolving collisions, instead of using random backoff of

CSMA. Although Strawman MAC improves the throughput to

a certain extent (and does better than RI-MAC [15]), it still

introduces overheads and additional delays. So there is space

for improvement. To radically resolve this problem, the most

efﬁcient way is to only keep CSMA in light trafﬁc for its

ﬂexibility, and use TDMA during heavy or burst trafﬁc load

periods for solving the inherent drawback of the contention-

based MAC, achieving thus high throughput. The ﬁrst tentative

of hybrid CSMA/TDMA for duty-cycled WSN includes IEEE

802.15.4 beacon-enabled mode (CSMA during CAP and GTS

during CFP) and Z-MAC [12]. But the basic design approach

of Z-MAC is essentially TDMA-based. CSMA is only used

when the slot owner has no data to transmit (slot stealing). So

only the slot owners can have their pre-allocated bandwidth

guarantee. Burst trafﬁc of the other nodes still cannot be

efﬁciently carried. To deal with this problem, adaptive time

slot assignment is the best way. TRAMA [11] and AI-MAC

[3] follow this idea. But TRAMA suffers from time slot spatial

reuse problem and has high overhead for executing the adaptive

election algorithm. AI-MAC only relies on the sink initiated

query in a tree topology.

In this paper, we present iQueue-MAC, which runs in

CSMA in light load. When load increases, the senders’ queue

length will be used to dynamically allocate time slots to the

senders (TDMA). The whole network is composed of two

kinds of nodes: simple nodes (e.g. RFD of IEEE 802.15.4)

and routers (FFD of IEEE 802.15.4, such as coordinators).

Simple nodes only wakeup when they have data to send, so

their energy consumption is minimized. Each simple node is

associated to a router. A router is responsible of collecting

the data packets of the simple nodes that are associated to it.

The design of iQueue-MAC protocol follows ﬁve key features:

using queue-length piggybacking as accurate load information

without additional overhead, dynamically allocating TDMA

time slots to simple nodes (data senders) for allowing high

throughput, using LPL (as X-MAC [10]) to ”synchronize”

neighboring routers, sending as a burst the queued packets (as

T-MAC [16]) from router to router for shortening the channel

access delay, and using multi-channels (local channel to a

router, and common channel between routers) for exploiting

both time and spatial reuse. This results in a highly efﬁcient

MAC protocol that we have implemented on STM32W108

chips that offer IEEE 802.15.4 standard communication. For

comparison, we also implemented the often referenced RI-

2013 IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communications and Networking (SECON)

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