8 BEST OF THE BASICS
(derivative) time setting as seconds. The contri-
bution made by derivative mode is the rate of
change of the error or process variable in
percent (%), depending upon the type of algo-
rithm, multiplied by the rate and gain settings.
When derivative action is on the process vari-
able instead of on the control error, it works
against a set point change. (The control error is
the difference between the process variable and
the set point.) The reason for this is that it
doesn’t know the process variable should be
changing initially and that the brakes should
only be applied to the process when it
approaches set point. Using derivation action
that is based on the change in control error will
provide a faster initial takeoff and will suppress
overshoot for a set point change. This is particu-
larly advantageous for set points driven for batch
control, advanced control, or cascade control.
The improvement can translate into shorter
cycle or transition times, an enhancement of the
ability of slave loops to mitigate upsets, and less
off-spec product because overshoot has been
diminished.
When derivative action is used with a time con-
stant there is a built-in filter that is about one-
eighth (1/8) of the rate setting. However, you
should use set point velocity limits to prevent a
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