Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 存储管理员指南：部署与配置详解

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本资源是一份名为"Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 - Storage Administration Guide en-US.pdf"的专业文档，由Red Hat Subject Matter Experts（Red Hat权威专家）如Josef Bacik、Kamil Dudka、Hans de Goede等人共同编撰。这份详细的指南针对的是Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6版的存储管理，专为单节点存储部署和配置提供深入的指导。文档涵盖了多个关键主题，旨在帮助用户优化和管理存储在Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6环境中。以下是部分内容的详细解读： 1. **Server Development Kernel FileSystem (Josef Bacik)**: 这部分讨论了与内核文件系统相关的技术，可能涉及文件系统的管理和优化，以支持服务器开发的需求。 2. **Disk Quotas (Kamil Dudka)**: 该章节关注如何设置和管理磁盘空间分配，通过disk quotas确保资源的有效利用和防止滥用。 3. **Access Control Lists (Hans de Goede)**: 介绍访问控制列表（ACL）的使用，这是安全管理的重要组成部分，有助于保护系统数据和资源的安全性。 4. **Partitions (Doug Ledford)**: 讨论分区策略，包括硬件支持和优化，以适应不同工作负载的存储需求。 5. **RAID (Daniel Novotny)**: 关注磁盘阵列（RAID）技术，这在提高存储性能、冗余性和可靠性方面起着关键作用。 6. **/proc File System (Nathan Straz)**: '/proc' 文件系统是Linux内核的一个核心特性，这部分内容可能会涉及如何理解和使用这个动态的虚拟文件系统来监控和调整系统运行状态。 7. **GFS2 (David Wysochanski)**: GFS2（Google File System的第二代）是一种分布式文件系统，可能在文档中介绍了如何在Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6中集成和管理大规模数据存储。通过这份详细的Storage Administration Guide，管理员可以了解到Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6中各种存储技术和管理实践，从而更好地维护和提升系统的稳定性和性能。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的用户，都能从中找到宝贵的资源和实用的指导。

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2.2. We Need Feedback!

If you find a typographical error in this manual, or if you have thought of a way to make this manual

better, we would love to hear from you! Please submit a report in Bugzilla: http://bugzilla.redhat.com/

against the product Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.

When submitting a bug report, be sure to mention the manual's identifier: doc-Storage_Admin_Guide

If you have a suggestion for improving the documentation, try to be as specific as possible when

describing it. If you have found an error, please include the section number and some of the surrounding

text so we can find it easily.

Preface

Chapter 1. Overview

The Storage Administration Guide contains extensive information on supported file systems and data

storage features in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. This book is intended as a quick reference for

administrators managing single-node (that is, non-clustered) storage solutions.

The Storage Administration Guide is split into two parts: File Systems, and Storage Administration.

The File Systems part details the various file systems Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 supports. It describes

them and explains how best to utilize them.

The Storage Administration part details the various tools and storage administration tasks Red Hat

Enterprise Linux 6 supports. It describes them and explains how best to utilize them.

1.1. What's New in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 features the following file system enhancements:

File System Encryption (T echnology Preview)

It is now possible encrypt a file system at mount using eCryptfs , providing an encryption layer on top

of an actual file system. T his "pseudo-file system" allows per-file and file name encryption, which offers

more granular encryption than encrypted block devices. For more information about file system

encryption, refer to Chapter 3, Encrypted File System.

File System Caching (T echnology Preview)

FS-Cache

[1]

allows the use of local storage for caching data from file systems served over the network

(for example, through NFS). T his helps minimize network traffic, although it does not guarantee faster

access to data over the network. FS-Cache allows a file system on a server to interact directly with a

client's local cache without creating an overmounted file system. For more information about FS-Cache,

refer to Chapter 10, FS-Cache.

Btrfs (Technology Preview)

Btrfs

[1]

is a local file system that is now available. It aims to provide better performance and scalability,

including integrated LVM operations. For more information on Btrfs, refer to Chapter 4, Btrfs.

I/O Limit Processing

The Linux I/O stack can now process I/O limit information for devices that provide it. This allows storage

management tools to better optimize I/O for some devices. For more information on this, refer to

Chapter 23, Storage I/O Alignment and Size.

ext4 Support

The ext4 file system is fully supported in this release. It is now the default file system of Red Hat

Enterprise Linux 6, supporting an unlimited number of subdirectories. It also features more granular

timestamping, extended attributes support, and quota journaling. For more information on ext4, refer to

Chapter 6, The Ext4 File System.

Network Block Storage

Fibre-channel over Ethernet is now supported. This allows a fibre-channel interface to use 10-Gigabit

Ethernet networks while preserving the fibre-channel protocol. For instructions on how to set this up,

refer to Section 25.7, “Configuring a Fibre-Channel Over Ethernet Interface”.

[1]

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Storage Administration Guide

Chapter 2. File System Structure and Maintenance

2.1. Why Share a Common Structure?

The file system structure is the most basic level of organization in an operating system. The way an

operating system interacts with its users, applications, and security model nearly always depends on

how the operating system organizes files on storage devices. Providing a common file system structure

ensures users and programs can access and write files.

File systems break files down into two logical categories:

Shareable vs. unsharable files

Variable vs. static files

Shareable files can be accessed locally and by remote hosts; unsharable files are only available locally.

Variable files, such as documents, can be changed at any time; static files, such as binaries, do not

change without an action from the system administrator.

Categorizing files in this manner helps correlate the function of each file with the permissions assigned

to the directories which hold them. How the operating system and its users interact with a file determines

the directory in which it is placed, whether that directory is mounted with read-only or read/write

permissions, and the level of access each user has to that file. T he top level of this organization is

crucial; access to the underlying directories can be restricted, otherwise security problems could arise if,

from the top level down, access rules do not adhere to a rigid structure.

2.2. Overview of Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)

Red Hat Enterprise Linux uses the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) file system structure, which

defines the names, locations, and permissions for many file types and directories.

The FHS document is the authoritative reference to any FHS-compliant file system, but the standard

leaves many areas undefined or extensible. T his section is an overview of the standard and a

description of the parts of the file system not covered by the standard.

The two most important elements of FHS compliance are:

Compatibility with other FHS-compliant systems

The ability to mount a /usr/ partition as read-only. This is especially crucial, since /usr/ contains

common executables and should not be changed by users. In addition, since /usr/ is mounted as

read-only, it should be mountable from the CD-ROM drive or from another machine via a read-only

NFS mount.

2.2.1. FHS Organization

The directories and files noted here are a small subset of those specified by the FHS document. Refer

to the latest FHS documentation for the most complete information at http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.

2.2.1.1. Gathering File Syst em Information

The df command reports the system's disk space usage. Its output looks similar to the following:

Chapter 2. File System Structure and Maintenance

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