Summary:
This summary provides a comprehensive list of commonly used expressions in scientific papers to describe time periods and years. These phrases are essential in writing professional English in the scientific field. Some key expressions include "nearly two decades ago" to indicate a time period that occurred approximately 20 years ago, "during the past 50 years" to refer to a time span covering the last 50 years, "for 13 years after" to denote a duration immediately following a specific event, and "beginning in the 1980s" to indicate the start of a particular time period. Additionally, phrases such as "up to 1990" are used to specify a specific year or time limit, while "dating back to" and "go back to" are used to trace the origins of something. This summary also highlights the importance of using professional English vocabulary and terminology in scientific writing, including words related to technology, research, and academic discourse. It provides a brief outline of different types of expressions, such as adverbs ending in "ly" used at the beginning of a sentence, expressions used for classification, expressions related to degrees or levels, phrases composed of "of" prepositional phrases, cause-and-effect expressions, expressions of existence, and phrases used to describe relationships. Lastly, the summary mentions the use of expressions related to means or methods in scientific writing.