International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials
Volume 18, Number 5, October 2011, Page 594
DOI: 10.1007/s12613-011-0483-0
Corresponding author: Jing-chang Zhang E-mail: 2007080125@grad.buct.edu.cn
© University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
Synthesis and characterization of Pt-MoO
x
-TiO
2
electrodes for direct
ethanol fuel cells
Xiu-yu Wang
1)
, Jing-chang Zhang
1)
, Xu-dong Cao
2)
, Yuan-sheng Jiang
3)
, and Hong Zhu
1)
1) Institute of Modern Catalyst, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
2) Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa 660673399, Canada
3) School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
(Received: 20 September 2010; revised: 17 October 2010; accepted: 26 October 2010)
Abstract: To enhance the CO-tolerance performance of anode catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells, carbon nanotubes were modified by tita-
nium dioxide (donated as CNTs@TiO
2
) and subsequently served as the support for the preparation of Pt/CNTs@TiO
2
and
Pt-Mo/CNTs@TiO
2
electrocatalysts via a UV-photoreduction method. The physicochemical characterizations of the catalysts were carried
out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and infrared spec-
troscopy of adsorbed probe ammonia molecules. The electrocatalytic properties of the catalysts for methanol oxidation were investigated by
the cyclic voltammetry technique. The results show that Pt-Mo/CNTs@TiO
2
electrode exhibits the highest performance in all the electrodes.
It is explained that, the structure, the oxidation states, and the acid-base properties of the catalysts are influenced due to the strong interaction
between Ti and Mo species by adding TiO
2
and MoO
x
to the Pt-based catalysts.
Keywords: direct ethanol fuel cell; acidity; metal oxides; electrocatalysts; methanol oxidation; electrochemical properties; carbon naotubes
[This work was financially supported by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China (No. 2006DFA61240). ]
1. Introduction
The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) has been increas-
ingly attracting attention as a clean alternative power source
for portable electronic devices [1-2]. It offers the high en-
ergy density and good conversion efficiency of methanol
fuel [1-2]. A major problem of fuel cells is that platinum (Pt)
anode catalysts are often poisoned by intermediates such as
HCHO, HCOOH, and CO, which are produced during
methanol oxidation [3-4]. Efforts of mitigating CO poison-
ing have been attempted through the addition of co-catalysts
to platinum such as Ce, Sn, Ru, and Ln [4-7]. Nano-sized
Pt-Mo alloys [8] were found to possess high CO tolerance in
the oxidation of methanol. Similar results were reported for
Pt-MoO
x
/C with MoO
x
as a co-catalytic material [9]. On the
other hand, TiO
2
electrodes have been used as anodes or
cathodes for some electrochemical reactions such as the
oxygen and chlorine evolution reaction, and oxygen and
methanol oxidation reaction [10-11].
Compared with the extensive studies on the car-
bon-supported Pt-MoO
x
anodic catalysts in DMFC [8-9],
few reports were published on Pt-MoO
x
-TiO
2
nanoparticles
as anode catalysts for DMFC. Now, it is apparently the right
time to explore the catalytic properties of Pt-MoO
x
-TiO
2
nanoparticles prepared by a novel UV-photoreaction method.
Carbon nanotubes were modified by TiO
2
(donated as
CNTs@TiO
2
) and subsequently served as the support for the
preparation of Pt-based catalysts in this research. TiO
2
was
employed as a part of the support material based on the fact
that TiO
2
would generate electrons/holes under UV irradia-
tion [12].
It is expected that the electrons present on the surface of
TiO
2
can directly be involved in reducing platinum ions.
Moreover, the additional advantage in the application of
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