优化MySQL性能：High Performance MySQL第二版精华

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"High Performance MySQL Second Edition.pdf 是一本关于优化和提升MySQL数据库性能的专业书籍，由O'Reilly出版社出版。这本书涵盖了与MySQL相关的各种技术和策略，旨在帮助读者理解和实现高性能的MySQL数据库解决方案。同时，它还与其他O'Reilly出版的.NET、PHP、PostgreSQL等技术书籍相关联，提供丰富的学习资源。O'Reilly提供了包括样本章节和代码示例在内的.NET Books Resource Center，以及ONDotnet.com网站，为开发者提供独立的.NET编程和技术资讯。此外，O'Reilly Media主办的各种技术会议也是行业创新者交流的重要平台，而Safari Bookshelf在线参考图书馆则为程序员和IT专业人员提供了超过1000本书的搜索和订阅服务，是获取技术知识的重要工具。" 在《High Performance MySQL》第二版中，读者可以期待学习以下关键知识点： 1. **MySQL架构和工作原理**：了解MySQL数据库的基本架构，包括存储引擎、查询处理、事务处理和并发控制等核心概念。 2. **性能调优**：深入探讨如何优化SQL查询，包括索引设计、查询优化器的工作方式、避免全表扫描以及使用EXPLAIN分析查询性能。 3. **存储引擎**：对比和分析InnoDB、MyISAM、Memory等不同存储引擎的特性，选择最适合业务需求的存储机制。 4. **复制和高可用性**：学习MySQL的主从复制配置，以及如何实现高可用性和数据安全性，包括故障切换和故障恢复策略。 5. **并发控制和锁机制**：理解MVCC（多版本并发控制）和行级锁定，以及如何解决死锁问题。 6. **性能监控和分析**：学习如何使用工具（如MySQL Enterprise Monitor、Percona Toolkit等）监控数据库性能，并进行瓶颈分析。 7. **内存管理**：探讨如何有效地管理MySQL服务器的内存资源，包括缓冲池大小、排序区和临时表空间的设置。 8. **备份和恢复**：了解不同的备份策略，如增量备份、热备份和冷备份，以及如何快速恢复数据。 9. **安全性**：设置和管理用户权限，保护数据库免受攻击，以及加密和安全最佳实践。 10. **大规模部署和集群**：了解MySQL集群、Galera Cluster等分布式解决方案，以及如何在大型系统中扩展MySQL。通过这本书，读者不仅可以掌握MySQL的高级特性，还能学习到如何在实际环境中应用这些知识，从而提高数据库的性能和稳定性。配合O'Reilly提供的其他相关资源，可以构建全面的数据库管理和开发技能。

xiv

Preface

Making Your Application Reliable

The best-designed, most scalable architecture in the world is no good if it can’t sur-

vive power outages, malicious attacks, application bugs or programmer mistakes,

and other disasters.

In Chapter 11, Backup and Recovery, we discuss various backup and recovery strate-

gies for your MySQL databases. These strategies will help minimize your downtime

in the event of inevitable hardware failure and ensure that your data survives such

catastrophes.

Chapter 12, Security, provides you with a firm grasp of some of the security issues

involved in running a MySQL server. More importantly, we offer many suggestions

to allow you to prevent outside parties from harming the servers you’ve spent all this

time trying to configure and optimize. We explain some of the rarely explored areas

of database security, showing both the benefits and performance impacts of various

practices. Usually, in terms of performance, it pays to keep security policies simple.

Miscellaneous Useful Topics

In the last few chapters and the book’s appendixes, we delve into several topics that

either don’t “fit” in any of the earlier chapters or are referenced often enough in mul-

tiple chapters that they deserve a bit of special attention.

Chapter 13, MySQL Server Status shows you how to inspect your MySQL server.

Knowing how to get status information from the server is important; knowing what

that information means is even more important. We cover

SHOW INNODB STATUS in par-

ticular detail, because it provides deep insight into the operations of the InnoDB

transactional storage engine.

Chapter 14, Tools for High Performance covers tools you can use to manage MySQL

more efficiently. These include monitoring and analysis tools, tools that help you

write queries, and so on. This chapter covers the Maatkit tools Baron created, which

can enhance MySQL’s functionality and make your life as a database administrator

easier. It also demonstrates a program called innotop, which Baron wrote as an easy-

to-use interface to what your MySQL server is presently doing. It functions much like

the Unix top command and can be invaluable at all phases of the tuning process to

monitor what’s happening inside MySQL and its storage engines.

Appendix A, Transferring Large Files, shows you how to copy very large files from

place to place efficiently—a must if you are going to manage large volumes of data.

Appendix B, Using EXPLAIN, shows you how to really use and understand the all-

important

EXPLAIN command. Appendix C, Using Sphinx with MySQL, is an intro-

duction to Sphinx, a high-performance full-text indexing system that can comple-

ment MySQL’s own abilities. And finally, Appendix D, Debugging Locks, shows you

Preface

how to decipher what’s going on when queries are requesting locks that interfere

with each other.

Software Versions and Availability

MySQL is a moving target. In the years since Jeremy wrote the outline for the first edi-

tion of this book, numerous releases of MySQL have appeared. MySQL 4.1 and 5.0

were available only as alpha versions when the first edition went to press, but these

versions have now been in production for years, and they are the backbone of many of

today’s large online applications. As we completed this second edition, MySQL 5.1

and 6.0 were the bleeding edge instead. (MySQL 5.1 is a release candidate, and 6.0 is

alpha.)

We didn’t rely on one single version of MySQL for this book. Instead, we drew on

our extensive collective knowledge of MySQL in the real world. The core of the book

is focused on MySQL 5.0, because that’s what we consider the “current” version.

Most of our examples assume you’re running some reasonably mature version of

MySQL 5.0, such as MySQL 5.0.40 or newer. We have made an effort to note fea-

tures or functionalities that may not exist in older releases or that may exist only in

the upcoming 5.1 series. However, the definitive reference for mapping features to

specific versions is the MySQL documentation itself. We expect that you’ll find your-

self visiting the annotated online documentation (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/) from

time to time as you read this book.

Another great aspect of MySQL is that it runs on all of today’s popular platforms:

Mac OS X, Windows, GNU/Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, you name it! However, we are

biased toward GNU/Linux

and other Unix-like operating systems. Windows users

are likely to encounter some differences. For example, file paths are completely dif-

ferent. We also refer to standard Unix command-line utilities; we assume you know

the corresponding commands in Windows.

†

Perl is the other rough spot when dealing with MySQL on Windows. MySQL comes

with several useful utilities that are written in Perl, and certain chapters in this book

present example Perl scripts that form the basis of more complex tools you’ll build.

Maatkit is also written in Perl. However, Perl isn’t included with Windows. In order

to use these scripts, you’ll need to download a Windows version of Perl from

ActiveState and install the necessary add-on modules (

DBI and DBD::mysql) for

MySQL access.

* To avoid confusion, we refer to Linux when we are writing about the kernel, and GNU/Linux when we are

writing about the whole operating system infrastructure that supports applications.

† You can get Windows-compatible versions of Unix utilities at http://unxutils.sourceforge.net or http://

gnuwin32.sourceforge.net.

xviii

Preface

Acknowledgments for the Second Edition

Sphinx developer Andrew Aksyonoff wrote Appendix C, Using Sphinx with MySQL

We’d like to thank him first for his in-depth discussion.

We have received invaluable help from many people while writing this book. It’s

impossible to list everyone who gave us help—we really owe thanks to the entire

MySQL community and everyone at MySQL AB. However, here’s a list of people

who contributed directly, with apologies if we’ve missed anyone: Tobias Asplund,

Igor Babaev, Pascal Borghino, Roland Bouman, Ronald Bradford, Mark Callaghan,

Jeremy Cole, Britt Crawford and the HiveDB Project, Vasil Dimov, Harrison Fisk,

Florian Haas, Dmitri Joukovski and Zmanda (thanks for the diagram explaining

LVM snapshots), Alan Kasindorf, Sheeri Kritzer Cabral, Marko Makela, Giuseppe

Maxia, Paul McCullagh, B. Keith Murphy, Dhiren Patel, Sergey Petrunia, Alexander

Rubin, Paul Tuckfield, Heikki Tuuri, and Michael “Monty” Widenius.

A special thanks to Andy Oram and Isabel Kunkle, our editor and assistant editor at

O’Reilly, and to Rachel Wheeler, the copyeditor. Thanks also to the rest of the

O’Reilly staff.

From Baron

I would like to thank my wife Lynn Rainville and our dog Carbon. If you’ve written a

book, I’m sure you know how grateful I am to them. I also owe a huge debt of grati-

tude to Alan Rimm-Kaufman and my colleagues at the Rimm-Kaufman Group for

their support and encouragement during this project. Thanks to Peter, Vadim, and

Arjen for giving me the opportunity to make this dream come true. And thanks to

Jeremy and Derek for breaking the trail for us.

From Peter

I’ve been doing MySQL performance and scaling presentations, training, and con-

sulting for years, and I’ve always wanted to reach a wider audience, so I was very

excited when Andy Oram approached me to work on this book. I have not written a

book before, so I wasn’t prepared for how much time and effort it required. We first

started talking about updating the first edition to cover recent versions of MySQL,

but we wanted to add so much material that we ended up rewriting most of the

book.

This book is truly a team effort. Because I was very busy bootstrapping Percona,

Vadim’s and my consulting company, and because English is not my first language,

we all had different roles. I provided the outline and technical content, then I

reviewed the material, revising and extending it as we wrote. When Arjen (the former

head of the MySQL documentation team) joined the project, we began to fill out the

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