NGINX实战指南：提升高性能应用

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《nginx实用指南：迈向高性能》是一本由Stephen Corona编写的实战教材，专为Web开发者设计，深入浅出地讲解如何利用NGINX实现高效、可靠的Web服务。NGINX，以其在互联网行业中的广泛应用而知名，被全球创新开发者如Airbnb、Netflix和Uber所青睐，作为构建和交付应用程序的强大工具。本书的核心价值在于提供一系列最佳实践，包括但不限于： 1. **负载均衡**：通过NGINX Plus，您可以优化应用、API和服务的可用性，确保在高流量下仍能保持稳定性能。它作为一款全面的应用交付平台，能够有效分发流量，避免单点故障。 2. **内容缓存**：通过内容缓存功能，NGINX可以加速本地源服务器的响应速度，并帮助创建边缘服务器，进一步提升用户体验，减少网络延迟。 3. **监控与管理**：书中详细介绍了如何使用DevOps友好的工具来监测和管理应用的健康、可用性和性能，确保持续的高水平服务。 4. **流媒体处理**：对于高质量视频流媒体服务，NGINX提供了强大的支持，满足用户对即时、无延迟的视频内容的需求，适应移动设备等多种终端。 5. **Web服务器**：作为Web服务器，NGINX以其高速和效率，高效地分发静态和动态内容，是现代Web架构不可或缺的一部分。《nginx实用指南》的Preview Edition（预览版）包含了第1至5章的内容，但请注意，该版本仍在制作中，预计于2015年10月正式出版。届时，您可以在O'Reilly等零售商处购买完整版本。本书版权属于Stephen Corona，所有权利保留。通过阅读这本书，读者将不仅掌握如何构建高性能的Web应用，还将了解到如何在实际项目中灵活运用NGINX的各种特性，提升网站性能，确保业务连续性和用户满意度。无论是对Web开发新手还是经验丰富的工程师，这本书都是值得深入学习的宝贵资源。

$ ./configure

$ make

$ sudo make install

Installing nginx dependencies

For the most part, nginx is pretty lightweight and doesn’t have very

many library dependencies. That being said, the default build con‐

figuration depends on 3 libraries to be installed:

• PCRE (for the HTTP Rewrite module)

• Zlib (for the HTTP Gzip module)

• OpenSSL (for HTTPS protocol support)

These libraries can be installed from source or through the package

manager.

On my Ubuntu machine, I was able to install these libraries with

the following command:

$ apt-get install libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev libssl-dev

By default, make install will install nginx and all related files into the folder /usr/

local/nginx/.

The executable binary for nginx will be located at /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.

You can test that everything went correctly and nginx works by running the com‐

mand nginx -V. The -V flag will make nginx print the version number and compile-

time build options. The output should look similar to this:

$ /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V

nginx version: nginx/1.9.2

built by gcc 4.8.2 (Ubuntu 4.8.2-19ubuntu1)

configure arguments:

Specifying the install location

As mentioned above, the default installation path for nginx is /usr/local/nginx/.

Often times, it’s desirable to change the installation path to conform with the filesys‐

tem layout of the operating system distribution (i.e, to put all daemons in /usr/

sbin or the configuration files in /etc).

To do this, you can specify the path of the base installation directory by passing it to

the configure script with the --prefix flag.

Additionally, you can change the default location for the nginx configuration files

(the default path is /usr/local/nginx/conf). This location can passed to the config‐

ure script by using the --conf-path flag.

Installing from source | 13

For instance, the most common nginx installation would have the nginx binary loca‐

ted in /usr/sbin and the configuration files in /etc/nginx. In order to make this

happen, we’d run the configure script with the following flags:

$ ./configure --prefix=/usr —conf-path=/etc/nginx

Modules in nginx

nginx is an extremely modular piece of software. Even some of seemingly “built-in” pieces

of the software, such as gzip or SSL, are actually built as modules that can be enabled and

disabled during build time.

One of the benefits of building nginx from source is that you’re able to specify exactly the

modules you want, and which ones you don’t. The downside is that if you don’t include

something that you later need, you’ll have to rebuild nginx from source.

By default, nginx comes out of the box with the following modules— some enabled by

default and some disabled by default.

Module Name Flag Description Installed by

Default?

Charset http_charset Adds the Content-Type header to the HTTP response Yes

Gzip http_gzip Compresses the HTTP response Yes

SSI http_ssi Processes Service-Side Includes Yes

Userid http_userid Sets an HTTP Cookie suitable for Client

Identication

Yes

Access http_access Allows limiting access to certain client IP addresses Yes

Basic Auth http_auth_basic Allows limiting access by validating username and password

using HTTP Basic Authentication

Yes

Auto Index http_autoindex Processes requests ending in “/” and produces a directory

listing

Yes

Geo http_geo Creates variables with values depending on the IP address Yes

Map http_map Creates variables whose values depend on other variable

values

Yes

Split Clients http_split_clients Creates variables for use with split (A/B) testing Yes

Referer http_referer Blocks access depending on the value of the HTTP Referer

Header

Yes

Rewrite http_rewrite Changes the request URI using regular expressions Yes

Proxy http_proxy Allows passing requests to another HTTP server Yes

Fastcgi http_fastcgi Allows passing requests to a FastCGI server Yes

14 | Chapter 1: Getting Started

uWSGI http_uwsgi Allows passing requests to a uWSGI server Yes

SCGI http_scgi Allows passing requests to a SCGI server Yes

Memcached http_memcached Used to obtain values from a Memcached server Yes

Limit Conn http_limit_conn Limit the number of connections per IP address Yes

Limit Req http_limit_req Limit the request processing rate per IP address Yes

Empty GIF http_empty_gif Emits a single-pixel transparent GIF image Yes

Browser http_browser Allows browser detection based on the User-Agent HTTP

Header

Yes

Perl http_perl Implement location and variable handlers in Perl No

SSL http_ssl Handle SSL trac within nginx No

SPDY http_spdy Provides experimental support for SPDY No

RealIP http_realip Change the Client IP Address of the Request No

Addition http_addition Adds text before and after the HTTP response No

XSLT http_xslt Post-process pages with XSLT No

Image Filter http_image_lter Transform images with libgd No

GeoIP http_geoip Create variables with geo information based on the IP Address No

Substitution http_sub Replace text in Pages No

WebDAV http_dav WebDAV pass-through support No

FLV http_v Flash Streaming Video No

MP4 http_mp4 Enables mp4 streaming with seeking ability No

Gunzip http_gunzip On-the-y decompression of gzipped responses No

Gzip Precompression http_gzip_static Serves already pre-compressed static les No

Auth Request http_auth_request Implements client authorization based on the result of a

subrequest

Random Index http_random_index Randomize directory index No

Secure Link http_secure_link Protect pages with a secret key No

Degradation http_degradation Allow to return 204 or 444 code for some locations on low

memory condition

Stub Status http_stub_status View server statistics No

Enabling modules in nginx is as simple as passing an extra flag to the configuration script.

For instance, if you wanted to enable the SSL module, you’d add the

--with-http_ssl_module flag to enable it.

While the barebones build of nginx will get you through most of this book, I recommend

that you re-build nginx with a few extra modules, specifically SSL, SPDY, RealIP, and Stub

Status.

Installing from source | 15

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