Python Crash Course 2nd Ed: A Practical Guide to Learn Programming with Projects

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"《Python Crash Course 2nd Edition》是一本广受欢迎的全球畅销Python编程书籍，由教育者Eric Matthes编写，特别适合初学者快速掌握Python编程的核心概念。该书摒弃了冗余的教学内容，专注于提供实用的编程基础、Python基础知识和问题解决技巧，帮助读者迅速进入编程世界。本书采用Python 3语言，结构上强调实践与项目导向，让学习过程更具吸引力。它分为两部分：第一部分介绍了编程的基本概念，包括变量、数据类型、控制流等，使读者建立起扎实的基础。第二部分则引入三个实际项目，分别是制作一个简单的视频游戏、利用数据可视化技术创建图表和构建并部署一个互动web应用。这些项目设计巧妙，不仅教授编程技能，还能让学生在实践中理解和应用所学知识。 Matthes本人是一位拥有多年教学经验的高中数学和科学教师，他在阿拉斯加教授Python编程课程，他的实战经验和教学方法使得这本书更加贴近实际，适合对编程感兴趣的初学者。读者通过本书不仅能快速掌握Python语言，还能培养解决问题的能力和开发实用程序的能力。这本书受到了业界的高度评价。评论者称赞《Python Crash Course》是一本潜在的经典之作，与传统的编程书籍相辅相成。例如，Greg Laden赞扬它为No Starch Press出版的优秀作品，而Full Circle Magazine则称其项目安排连贯且易于理解，能吸引读者深入探索。Flick Through Reviews赞赏了书中清晰的代码解释和循序渐进的学习路径，而Mikke Goes Coding和RealPython.com则肯定了其对Python学习者的友好性和实用性，以及书中丰富的练习和具有挑战性的项目。《Python Crash Course 2nd Edition》凭借其实用的项目驱动教学方式、易懂的内容和实战导向，是Python编程入门的理想教材，无论你是初次接触编程，还是希望提升Python技能，都值得一读。"

Contents in Detail xv

Exercise 6-1: Person ......................................... 99

Exercise 6-2: Favorite Numbers ................................. 99

Exercise 6-3: Glossary........................................ 99

Looping Through a Dictionary ......................................... 99

Looping Through All Key-Value Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Looping Through All the Keys in a Dictionary ....................... 101

Looping Through a Dictionary’s Keys in a Particular Order.............. 103

Looping Through All Values in a Dictionary ........................ 104

Exercise 6-4: Glossary 2 ..................................... 105

Exercise 6-5: Rivers ......................................... 105

Exercise 6-6: Polling ........................................ 105

Nesting........................................................ 106

A List of Dictionaries ........................................ 106

A List in a Dictionary ........................................ 108

A Dictionary in a Dictionary ................................... 110

Exercise 6-7: People ........................................ 112

Exercise 6-8: Pets .......................................... 112

Exercise 6-9: Favorite Places .................................. 112

Exercise 6-10: Favorite Numbers ............................... 112

Exercise 6-11: Cities ........................................ 112

Exercise 6-12: Extensions..................................... 112

Summary ...................................................... 112

USER INPUT AND WHILE LOOPS 113

How the input() Function Works ....................................... 114

Writing Clear Prompts ....................................... 114

Using int() to Accept Numerical Input............................. 115

The Modulo Operator ....................................... 116

Exercise 7-1: Rental Car...................................... 117

Exercise 7-2: Restaurant Seating ................................ 117

Exercise 7-3: Multiples of Ten .................................. 117

Introducing while Loops ............................................ 118

The while Loop in Action ..................................... 118

Letting the User Choose When to Quit ............................ 118

Using a Flag.............................................. 120

Using break to Exit a Loop .................................... 121

Using continue in a Loop ..................................... 122

Avoiding Infinite Loops ...................................... 122

Exercise 7-4: Pizza Toppings .................................. 123

Exercise 7-5: Movie Tickets.................................... 123

Exercise 7-6: Three Exits ..................................... 124

Exercise 7-7: Inﬁnity ........................................ 124

Using a while Loop with Lists and Dictionaries ............................. 124

Moving Items from One List to Another............................ 124

Removing All Instances of Specific Values from a List .................. 125

Filling a Dictionary with User Input .............................. 126

Exercise 7-8: Deli .......................................... 127

Exercise 7-9: No Pastrami .................................... 127

Exercise 7-10: Dream Vacation................................. 127

Summary ...................................................... 127

xvi Contents in Detail

FUNCTIONS 129

Defining a Function ............................................... 130

Passing Information to a Function ............................... 130

Arguments and Parameters.................................... 131

Exercise 8-1: Message....................................... 131

Exercise 8-2: Favorite Book ................................... 131

Passing Arguments ................................................ 131

Positional Arguments ........................................ 132

Keyword Arguments ........................................ 133

Default Values ............................................ 134

Equivalent Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Avoiding Argument Errors .................................... 136

Exercise 8-3: T-Shirt ......................................... 137

Exercise 8-4: Large Shirts ..................................... 137

Exercise 8-5: Cities ......................................... 137

Return Values.................................................... 137

Returning a Simple Value ..................................... 138

Making an Argument Optional ................................. 138

Returning a Dictionary ....................................... 140

Using a Function with a while Loop .............................. 141

Exercise 8-6: City Names..................................... 142

Exercise 8-7: Album......................................... 142

Exercise 8-8: User Albums .................................... 142

Passing a List.................................................... 143

Modifying a List in a Function .................................. 143

Preventing a Function from Modifying a List ........................ 145

Exercise 8-9: Messages ...................................... 146

Exercise 8-10: Sending Messages............................... 146

Exercise 8-11: Archived Messages .............................. 146

Passing an Arbitrary Number of Arguments............................... 147

Mixing Positional and Arbitrary Arguments ........................ 148

Using Arbitrary Keyword Arguments ............................. 148

Exercise 8-12: Sandwiches.................................... 150

Exercise 8-13: User Proﬁle .................................... 150

Exercise 8-14: Cars......................................... 150

Storing Your Functions in Modules ..................................... 150

Importing an Entire Module ................................... 150

Importing Specific Functions ................................... 152

Using as to Give a Function an Alias............................. 152

Using as to Give a Module an Alias ............................. 153

Importing All Functions in a Module ............................. 153

Styling Functions ................................................. 154

Exercise 8-15: Printing Models ................................. 155

Exercise 8-16: Imports ....................................... 155

Exercise 8-17: Styling Functions ................................ 155

Summary ...................................................... 155

Contents in Detail xvii

CLASSES 157

Creating and Using a Class.......................................... 158

Creating the Dog Class ...................................... 158

Making an Instance from a Class ............................... 160

Exercise 9-1: Restaurant...................................... 162

Exercise 9-2: Three Restaurants ................................. 162

Exercise 9-3: Users ......................................... 162

Working with Classes and Instances.................................... 162

The Car Class............................................. 162

Setting a Default Value for an Attribute ........................... 163

Modifying Attribute Values .................................... 164

Exercise 9-4: Number Served .................................. 167

Exercise 9-5: Login Attempts ................................... 167

Inheritance ..................................................... 167

The __init__() Method for a Child Class ........................... 167

Defining Attributes and Methods for the Child Class .................. 169

Overriding Methods from the Parent Class ......................... 170

Instances as Attributes ....................................... 170

Modeling Real-World Objects ................................. 173

Exercise 9-6: Ice Cream Stand ................................. 173

Exercise 9-7: Admin ........................................ 173

Exercise 9-8: Privileges ...................................... 173

Exercise 9-9: Battery Upgrade ................................. 174

Importing Classes................................................. 174

Importing a Single Class ..................................... 174

Storing Multiple Classes in a Module............................. 175

Importing Multiple Classes from a Module ......................... 177

Importing an Entire Module ................................... 177

Importing All Classes from a Module ............................. 177

Importing a Module into a Module .............................. 178

Using Aliases ............................................. 179

Finding Your Own Workflow .................................. 179

Exercise 9-10: Imported Restaurant .............................. 180

Exercise 9-11: Imported Admin ................................. 180

Exercise 9-12: Multiple Modules ................................ 180

The Python Standard Library ......................................... 180

Exercise 9-13: Dice ......................................... 181

Exercise 9-14: Lottery ....................................... 181

Exercise 9-15: Lottery Analysis ................................. 181

Exercise 9-16: Python Module of the Week ........................ 181

Styling Classes................................................... 181

Summary ...................................................... 182

FILES AND EXCEPTIONS 183

Reading from a File ............................................... 184

Reading an Entire File ....................................... 184

File Paths ................................................ 185

Reading Line by Line ........................................ 187

Making a List of Lines from a File ............................... 188

Working with a File’s Contents ................................. 188

xviii Contents in Detail

Large Files: One Million Digits ................................. 189

Is Your Birthday Contained in Pi? ............................... 190

Exercise 10-1: Learning Python ................................. 191

Exercise 10-2: Learning C .................................... 191

Writing to a File.................................................. 191

Writing to an Empty File ..................................... 191

Writing Multiple Lines ....................................... 192

Appending to a File......................................... 193

Exercise 10-3: Guest ........................................ 193

Exercise 10-4: Guest Book .................................... 193

Exercise 10-5: Programming Poll................................ 193

Exceptions...................................................... 194

Handling the ZeroDivisionError Exception ......................... 194

Using try-except Blocks ...................................... 194

Using Exceptions to Prevent Crashes ............................. 195

The else Block............................................. 196

Handling the FileNotFoundError Exception ......................... 197

Analyzing Text ............................................ 198

Working with Multiple Files ................................... 199

Failing Silently ............................................ 200

Deciding Which Errors to Report................................ 201

Exercise 10-6: Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Exercise 10-7: Addition Calculator .............................. 202

Exercise 10-8: Cats and Dogs ................................. 202

Exercise 10-9: Silent Cats and Dogs ............................. 202

Exercise 10-10: Common Words ............................... 202

Storing Data .................................................... 202

Using json.dump() and json.load()............................... 203

Saving and Reading User-Generated Data ......................... 204

Refactoring............................................... 206

Exercise 10-11: Favorite Number ............................... 208

Exercise 10-12: Favorite Number Remembered ..................... 208

Exercise 10-13: Verify User ................................... 208

Summary ...................................................... 208

TESTING YOUR CODE 209

Testing a Function ................................................ 210

Unit Tests and Test Cases ..................................... 211

A Passing Test ............................................ 211

A Failing Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Responding to a Failed Test ................................... 213

Adding New Tests.......................................... 214

Exercise 11-1: City, Country ................................... 215

Exercise 11-2: Population..................................... 216

Testing a Class .................................................. 216

A Variety of Assert Methods ................................... 216

A Class to Test ............................................ 217

Testing the AnonymousSurvey Class ............................. 218

The setUp() Method ......................................... 220

Exercise 11-3: Employee ..................................... 221

Summary ...................................................... 222

Contents in Detail xix

PART II: PROJECTS 223

PROJECT 1: ALIEN INVASION

A SHIP THAT FIRES BULLETS 227

Planning Your Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Installing Pygame................................................. 228

Starting the Game Project ........................................... 229

Creating a Pygame Window and Responding to User Input ............. 229

Setting the Background Color .................................. 230

Creating a Settings Class ..................................... 231

Adding the Ship Image............................................. 232

Creating the Ship Class ...................................... 233

Drawing the Ship to the Screen................................. 235

Refactoring: The _check_events() and _update_screen() Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

The _check_events() Method ................................... 236

The _update_screen() Method.................................. 237

Exercise 12-1: Blue Sky ...................................... 238

Exercise 12-2: Game Character ................................ 238

Piloting the Ship.................................................. 238

Responding to a Keypress .................................... 238

Allowing Continuous Movement ................................ 239

Moving Both Left and Right.................................... 240

Adjusting the Ship’s Speed.................................... 241

Limiting the Ship’s Range ..................................... 243

Refactoring _check_events() ................................... 243

Pressing Q to Quit.......................................... 244

Running the Game in Fullscreen Mode............................ 244

A Quick Recap .................................................. 245

alien_invasion.py .......................................... 245

settings.py ............................................... 246

ship.py ................................................. 246

Exercise 12-3: Pygame Documentation ........................... 246

Exercise 12-4: Rocket ....................................... 246

Exercise 12-5: Keys......................................... 246

Shooting Bullets .................................................. 246

Adding the Bullet Settings..................................... 247

Creating the Bullet Class ..................................... 247

Storing Bullets in a Group .................................... 248

Firing Bullets.............................................. 249

Deleting Old Bullets......................................... 250

Limiting the Number of Bullets.................................. 251

Creating the _update_bullets() Method............................ 252

Exercise 12-6: Sideways Shooter ............................... 253

Summary ...................................................... 253

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