Oracle VM VirtualBox 官方使用手册

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"Oracle VM VirtualBox用户手册，官方提供的详细且权威的使用指南，涵盖了从安装到高级功能的全面内容，适用于版本4.2.4。" VirtualBox是一款由Oracle公司开发的开源虚拟化软件，它允许用户在单个主机上运行多个操作系统，无需重新启动。这份用户手册详细介绍了VirtualBox的各个方面，对于初次使用者和有经验的用户来说都是宝贵的参考资料。 1. 第一部分：初步了解 - **为什么虚拟化有用？** 虚拟化技术可以提高硬件资源的利用率，隔离不同操作系统和应用，便于测试和开发环境的创建。 - **术语介绍** 解释了虚拟化中的关键术语，如宿主机、客户机操作系统、虚拟机等。 - **功能概述** 提到了VirtualBox支持的特性，如拖放、复制粘贴、硬件虚拟化、网络连接、USB设备支持等。 - **支持的主机操作系统** 列出了VirtualBox可以在哪些操作系统（如Windows、Mac OS X、Linux等）上运行。 2. 安装与启动 - **安装VirtualBox和扩展包** 指导用户如何下载和安装程序，以及添加扩展包以获得额外功能。 - **启动VirtualBox** 说明了如何打开VirtualBox管理器并查看已安装的虚拟机。 3. 创建和运行虚拟机 - **创建第一个虚拟机** 阐述了设置虚拟机配置，如内存大小、硬盘容量、操作系统类型等步骤。 - **运行虚拟机** 包括首次启动虚拟机，以及如何在主机和虚拟机之间切换键盘和鼠标，输入特殊字符，管理可移动媒体，调整窗口大小，保存和恢复机器状态。 4. 高级功能 - **快照** 快照功能让您可以保存虚拟机的状态，随时回滚到之前的状态。手册详细解释了如何创建、恢复和删除快照。 - **虚拟机配置** 如何更改虚拟机的硬件设置，如添加或移除设备，修改网络配置等。 - **删除虚拟机** 说明了如何安全地移除不再需要的虚拟机。 - **克隆虚拟机** 克隆功能可以快速创建一个虚拟机的副本，用于备份或创建类似环境。 - **导入和导出虚拟机** 这一章节教你如何在不同系统间传输虚拟机，或者备份和恢复虚拟机。 - **替代前端** VirtualBox提供多种界面选项，如命令行界面，适合自动化和脚本操作。 5. 安装细节 - **在Windows主机上的安装** 描述了在Windows系统上安装VirtualBox的步骤，包括先决条件和实际安装过程。手册还可能涵盖了更复杂的话题，如网络配置、共享文件夹、性能优化、远程桌面访问等。通过深入学习，用户将能够充分利用VirtualBox的全部功能，构建和管理复杂的多操作系统环境。

1 First steps

window that shows up, go to the “Extensions” category which shows you the extensions

which are currently installed and allows you to remove a package or add a new one.

Alternatively you can use VBoxManage on the command line: see chapter 8.36, VBoxMan-

age extpack, page 146 for details.

1.6 Starting VirtualBox

After installation, you can start VirtualBox as follows:

• On a Windows host, in the standard “Programs” menu, click on the item in the “VirtualBox”

group. On Vista or Windows 7, you can also type “VirtualBox” in the search box of the

“Start” menu.

• On a Mac OS X host, in the Finder, double-click on the “VirtualBox” item in the “Applica-

tions” folder. (You may want to drag this item onto your Dock.)

• On a Linux or Solaris host, depending on your desktop environment, a “VirtualBox” item

may have been placed in either the “System” or “System Tools” group of your “Applications”

menu. Alternatively, you can type VirtualBox in a terminal.

When you start VirtualBox for the ﬁrst time, a window like the following should come up:

This window is called the “VirtualBox Manager”. On the left, you can see a pane that will later

list all your virtual machines. Since you have not created any, the list is empty. A row of buttons

above it allows you to create new VMs and work on existing VMs, once you have some. The pane

on the right displays the properties of the virtual machine currently selected, if any. Again, since

you don’t have any machines yet, the pane displays a welcome message.

To give you an idea what VirtualBox might look like later, after you have created many ma-

chines, here’s another example:

1 First steps

or disable certain VM settings that your guest operating system may require. This is partic-

ularly important for 64-bit guests (see chapter 3.1.2, 64-bit guests, page 43). It is therefore

recommended to always set it to the correct value.

3. On the next page, select the memory (RAM) that VirtualBox should allocate every time

the virtual machine is started. The amount of memory given here will be taken away from

your host machine and presented to the guest operating system, which will report this size

as the (virtual) computer’s installed RAM.

Note: Choose this setting carefully! The memory you give to the VM will not be

available to your host OS while the VM is running, so do not specify more than you can

spare. For example, if your host machine has 1 GB of RAM and you enter 512 MB as

the amount of RAM for a particular virtual machine, while that VM is running, you will

only have 512 MB left for all the other software on your host. If you run two VMs at

the same time, even more memory will be allocated for the second VM (which may not

even be able to start if that memory is not available). On the other hand, you should

specify as much as your guest OS (and your applications) will require to run properly.

A Windows XP guest will require at least a few hundred MB RAM to run properly, and

Windows Vista will even refuse to install with less than 512 MB. Of course, if you want to

run graphics-intensive applications in your VM, you may require even more RAM.

So, as a rule of thumb, if you have 1 GB of RAM or more in your host computer, it is usually

safe to allocate 512 MB to each VM. But, in any case, make sure you always have at least

256 to 512 MB of RAM left on your host operating system. Otherwise you may cause your

host OS to excessively swap out memory to your hard disk, effectively bringing your host

system to a standstill.

As with the other settings, you can change this setting later, after you have created the VM.

4. Next, you must specify a virtual hard disk for your VM.

There are many and potentially complicated ways in which VirtualBox can provide hard

disk space to a VM (see chapter 5, Virtual storage, page 76 for details), but the most

common way is to use a large image ﬁle on your “real” hard disk, whose contents VirtualBox

presents to your VM as if it were a complete hard disk. This ﬁle represents an entire hard

disk then, so you can even copy it to another host and use it with another VirtualBox

installation.

The wizard shows you the following window:

1 First steps

Here you have the following options:

• To create a new, empty virtual hard disk, press the “New” button.

• You can pick an existing disk image ﬁle.

The drop-down list presented in the window contains all disk images which are cur-

rently remembered by VirtualBox, probably because they are currently attached to a

virtual machine (or have been in the past).

Alternatively, you can click on the small folder button next to the drop-down list to

bring up a standard ﬁle dialog, which allows you to pick any disk image ﬁle on your

host disk.

Most probably, if you are using VirtualBox for the ﬁrst time, you will want to create a new

disk image. Hence, press the “New” button.

This brings up another window, the “Create New Virtual Disk Wizard”, which helps you

create a new disk image ﬁle in the new virtual machine’s folder.

VirtualBox supports two types of image ﬁles:

• A dynamically allocated ﬁle will only grow in size when the guest actually stores

data on its virtual hard disk. It will therefore initially be small on the host hard drive

and only later grow to the size speciﬁed as it is ﬁlled with data.

• A ﬁxed-size ﬁle will immediately occupy the ﬁle speciﬁed, even if only a fraction of

the virtual hard disk space is actually in use. While occupying much more space, a

ﬁxed-size ﬁle incurs less overhead and is therefore slightly faster than a dynamically

allocated ﬁle.

For details about the differences, please refer to chapter 5.2, Disk image ﬁles (VDI, VMDK,

VHD, HDD), page 78.

To prevent your physical hard disk from running full, VirtualBox limits the size of the image

ﬁle. Still, it needs to be large enough to hold the contents of your operating system and the

applications you want to install – for a modern Windows or Linux guest, you will probably

need several gigabytes for any serious use:

After having selected or created your image ﬁle, again press “Next” to go to the next page.

5. After clicking on “Finish”, your new virtual machine will be created. You will then see it

in the list on the left side of the Manager window, with the name you entered initially.

1 First steps

1.8 Running your virtual machine

To start a virtual machine, you have several options:

• Double-click on its entry in the list within the Manager window or

• select its entry in the list in the Manager window it and press the “Start” button at the top

• for virtual machines created with VirtualBox 4.0 or later, navigate to the “VirtualBox VMs”

folder in your system user’s home directory, ﬁnd the subdirectory of the machine you want

to start and double-click on the machine settings ﬁle (with a .vbox ﬁle extension).

This opens up a new window, and the virtual machine which you selected will boot up. Every-

thing which would normally be seen on the virtual system’s monitor is shown in the window, as

can be seen with the image in chapter 1.2, Some terminology, page 11.

In general, you can use the virtual machine much like you would use a real computer. There

are couple of points worth mentioning however.

1.8.1 Starting a new VM for the ﬁrst time

When a VM gets started for the ﬁrst time, another wizard – the “First Start Wizard” – will

pop up to help you select an installation medium. Since the VM is created empty, it would

otherwise behave just like a real computer with no operating system installed: it will do nothing

and display an error message that no bootable operating system was found.

For this reason, the wizard helps you select a medium to install an operating system from.

• If you have physical CD or DVD media from which you want to install your guest operating

system (e.g. in the case of a Windows installation CD or DVD), put the media into your

host’s CD or DVD drive.

Then, in the wizard’s drop-down list of installation media, select “Host drive” with the

correct drive letter (or, in the case of a Linux host, device ﬁle). This will allow your VM to

access the media in your host drive, and you can proceed to install from there.

• If you have downloaded installation media from the Internet in the form of an ISO image

ﬁle (most probably in the case of a Linux distribution), you would normally burn this ﬁle

to an empty CD or DVD and proceed as just described. With VirtualBox however, you can

skip this step and mount the ISO ﬁle directly. VirtualBox will then present this ﬁle as a CD

or DVD-ROM drive to the virtual machine, much like it does with virtual hard disk images.

For this case, the wizard’s drop-down list contains a list of installation media that were

previously used with VirtualBox.

If your medium is not in the list (especially if you are using VirtualBox for the ﬁrst time),

select the small folder icon next to the drop-down list to bring up a standard ﬁle dialog,

with which you can pick the image ﬁle on your host disks.

In both cases, after making the choices in the wizard, you will be able to install your operating

system.

1.8.2 Capturing and releasing keyboard and mouse

As of version 3.2, VirtualBox provides a virtual USB tablet device to new virtual machines through

which mouse events are communicated to the guest operating system. As a result, if you are

running a modern guest operating system that can handle such devices, mouse support may

work out of the box without the mouse being “captured” as described below; see chapter 3.4.1,

“Motherboard” tab, page 46 for more information.

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