MIPI A-PHY协议：汽车远程通信的新标准

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"MIPI A-PHY协议规格书" MIPI A-PHY协议是MIPI Alliance推出的一种针对远程汽车应用的标准化解决方案，旨在统一并优化车载通信。它旨在直接支持MIPI CSI-2（Camera Serial Interface-2）和DSI-2（Display Serial Interface-2）协议，以降低系统的复杂性和成本。A-PHY的核心特性包括： 1. **非对称优化架构**：A-PHY设计用于高速非对称传输，适用于从摄像机/传感器到电子控制单元（ECU）以及ECU到显示器的通信。这种架构同时提供了低速双向的命令和控制通道，与对称架构相比，设计更简单，成本更低。 2. **简化系统集成和降低成本**：通过原生支持MIPI CSI-2和DSI-2，A-PHY最终可以消除对桥接集成电路（IC）的需求，简化了系统集成，并降低了整个生态系统的成本。 3. **远距离连接**：A-PHY支持长达15米的连接距离，满足了汽车内部和外部设备之间的长距离通信需求。 4. **高性能**：协议提供5个速度等级，从2Gbps到16Gbps，未来可能达到48Gbps或更高，确保了数据传输的高速性能。 5. **功能安全**：结合MIPI CSI-2和DSI-2，A-PHY能够支持ASIL B到D级的功能安全要求，符合汽车行业的严格安全标准。 6. **高可靠性**：其误码率PER（Packet Error Rate）极低，达到10^-19，确保在整个车辆使用寿命期间提供出色的性能表现。 7. **移动协议重用**：A-PHY基于在智能手机和物联网设备中广泛验证的技术，利用了MIPI Alliance的成熟协议，保证了可靠性和兼容性。该标准由IEEE（电气和电子工程师协会）采纳，成为IEEE Standard for Adoption of MIPI Alliance Specification for A-PHY Version 1.0，为汽车行业提供了一个强大而稳定的通信基础，推动了车载电子设备的集成和发展。

Version 1.0 Specification for A-PHY

06-Aug-2020

0 MIPI Alliance, Inc.

Figures

Figure 1 Data and Power Logical Structure ..................................................................................... 8

Figure 2 High Level Layer Structure ................................................................................................ 8

Figure 3 A-PHY High Level Structure ........................................................................................... 11

Figure 4 A-PHY Interconnect ......................................................................................................... 15

Figure 5 Cable Topologies .............................................................................................................. 16

Figure 6 Set-up for S-parameter Characterization of End Nodes and TLIS ................................... 17

Figure 7 Interconnect Test Points Definition .................................................................................. 18

Figure 8 Coax and SDP Cable Insertion Loss Limits ..................................................................... 19

Figure 9 Cable TLIS Return Loss Limits ....................................................................................... 20

Figure 10 Cable TLIS Coupling Attenuation ................................................................................. 21

Figure 11 Cable TLIS Attenuation Limits ...................................................................................... 22

Figure 12 Alien Cable Bundle Crosstalk Limit .............................................................................. 23

Figure 13 Single-Ended End Node Routing Example .................................................................... 24

Figure 14 End Node Insertion Loss Limit ...................................................................................... 25

Figure 15 End Node Return Loss Limits ........................................................................................ 26

Figure 16 Receiver ANEXT Limit ................................................................................................. 27

Figure 17 PCB-Based Interconnect ................................................................................................ 28

Figure 18 Power Ripple Gain Function .......................................................................................... 29

Figure 19 Power Over Coax (PoC) Configuration ......................................................................... 30

Figure 20 Power Over Differential Line (PoDL) Configuration .................................................... 30

Figure 21 Examples of Applicable Pulses ...................................................................................... 32

Figure 22 P2 Decaying Sawtooth Model at 40 MHz / 4 nS Tr / 150 mV to 15 mV in 150 nS....... 33

Figure 23 Alien Bundle PSD Limit Line ........................................................................................ 34

Figure 24 A-PHY Unified Architecture .......................................................................................... 35

Figure 25 A-PHY P1 G1/G2 Architecture ...................................................................................... 37

Figure 26 A-PHY P2 G1/G2 Architecture ...................................................................................... 38

Figure 27 A-PHY P2 G4/G5 Architecture ...................................................................................... 39

Figure 28 Dynamically Modulated, Time Bounded, Local Retransmission .................................. 41

Figure 29 TX RTS Over 8B/10B PCS Block Diagram .................................................................. 42

Figure 30 TX RTS Over PAM-X PCS Block Diagram .................................................................. 43

Figure 31 Single Retransmission Request Sent Over Downlink .................................................... 50

Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on October 08,2023 at 01:58:08 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Specification for A-PHY Version 1.0

06-Aug-2020

0 MIPI Alliance, Inc.

Figure 32 Gap Retransmission Request Sent Over Downlink ....................................................... 50

Figure 33 Header CRC (CRC-8) Bit Level Diagram ..................................................................... 52

Figure 34 Header CRC Bit Assignment ......................................................................................... 52

Figure 35 CRC-32 Calculation Bit Level Diagram ........................................................................ 53

Figure 36 CRC-32 Byte Mapping .................................................................................................. 53

Figure 37 Fully Paced TX Link to TX Phy Interface ..................................................................... 56

Figure 38 RTS Bypass .................................................................................................................... 58

Figure 39 PCS Block Diagram ....................................................................................................... 59

Figure 40 PAM16 Sub-Constellations ............................................................................................ 60

Figure 41 A-Packet Partitioning ..................................................................................................... 63

Figure 42 Bit/Symbol/Token Conversion Per Header Sub-Constellation ...................................... 64

Figure 43 Bit/Symbol/Token Conversion Per Payload Data and CRC-32 Bytes ........................... 65

Figure 44 Downlink TX Scrambler LFSR ..................................................................................... 66

Figure 45 PAM-X Transition from Training to Idle ....................................................................... 68

Figure 46 PAM-X Transition from Idle to Normal ......................................................................... 69

Figure 47 PCS Normal Mode Data Example ................................................................................. 70

Figure 48 TX Re-Training Procedure State Machine ..................................................................... 71

Figure 49 PCS Block Diagram ....................................................................................................... 72

Figure 50 Uplink TX Scrambler LFSR .......................................................................................... 73

Figure 51 Training with K-Sequences Example ............................................................................. 76

Figure 52 DHA Startup Control Sequence ..................................................................................... 76

Figure 53 In_Idle Startup Control Sequence .................................................................................. 76

Figure 54 Interrupting Request with Data Packet Continues ......................................................... 77

Figure 55 In Normal Startup Control Sequence ............................................................................. 77

Figure 56 Re-Train Request ........................................................................................................... 78

Figure 57 sCMax Request .............................................................................................................. 78

Figure 58 Single Retransmission Request ...................................................................................... 78

Figure 59 Retransmission Gap Request ......................................................................................... 79

Figure 60 Ack Indication ................................................................................................................ 79

Figure 61 Distinct A-Packet 8B/10B Encapsulation ...................................................................... 79

Figure 62 Back-to-Back A-Packets: 8B/10B Encapsulation .......................................................... 79

Figure 63 A-Packet 8B/10B Encapsulation with Request Insertion ............................................... 80

Figure 64 Typical Startup Procedure .............................................................................................. 81

Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on October 08,2023 at 01:58:08 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Version 1.0 Specification for A-PHY

06-Aug-2020

0 MIPI Alliance, Inc.

Figure 65 Unidirectional Startup Procedure ................................................................................... 85

Figure 66 TPA Conformance Point ................................................................................................. 86

Figure 67 Test Mode Pattern Generator LFSR ............................................................................... 86

Figure 68 Test Mode 2 .................................................................................................................... 90

Figure 69 NRZ PMD: Upper & Lower PSD Limits ....................................................................... 92

Figure 70 Uplink PMD Upper & Lower PSD Limits: Gears #1–#3 .............................................. 93

Figure 71 PAM-X PMD Upper & Lower PSD Limits ................................................................... 94

Figure 72 Example Matlab Figure #1 ............................................................................................. 97

Figure 73 Example Matlab Figure #2 ............................................................................................. 97

Figure 74 NRZ Downlink Transmitter Eye Diagram ................................................................... 100

Figure 75 A-PHY Port Operation Mode State Machine ............................................................... 106

Figure 76 Sleep Sequence Example, View 1 ................................................................................ 110

Figure 77 Sleep Sequence Example, View 2 ................................................................................ 111

Figure 78 Optional System Architecture ...................................................................................... 114

Figure 79 WUP Directions ........................................................................................................... 115

Figure 80 Wakeup_ind Configuration Signaling .......................................................................... 116

Figure 81 General Waveform of Main Signals ............................................................................. 116

Figure 82 WUP Handshake ACK/NACK ..................................................................................... 117

Figure 83 A-PHY High Level Structure ....................................................................................... 119

Figure 84 Example A-PHY High-Level Layer ............................................................................. 120

Figure 85 A-Packet Format .......................................................................................................... 121

Figure 86 Bad Packet Indication and Propagation Example ........................................................ 125

Figure 87 Many-to-One Target Address Assignment Example .................................................... 127

Figure 88 One-to-Many Target Address Assignment Example .................................................... 127

Figure 89 Local Table Example .................................................................................................... 131

Figure 90 Entry-Element Formats ................................................................................................ 133

Figure 91 Local Table Example .................................................................................................... 133

Figure 92 ROUT_TBL Example .................................................................................................. 135

Figure 93 DUP_TBL Example ..................................................................................................... 136

Figure 94 CFS A-Packet Payload Format .................................................................................... 137

Figure 95 APPI Connectivity........................................................................................................ 140

Figure 96 APPI A-Packet Mapping .............................................................................................. 141

Figure 97 APPI Timing ................................................................................................................. 142

Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on October 08,2023 at 01:58:08 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Version 1.0 Specification for A-PHY

06-Aug-2020

xiii

0 MIPI Alliance, Inc.

Tables

Table 1 A-PHY Gears Per Profile ................................................................................................... 12

Table 2 Cable TLIS Return Loss .................................................................................................... 20

Table 3 Coupling Attenuation ......................................................................................................... 21

Table 4 Screening Attenuation ........................................................................................................ 21

Table 5 Unbalanced Attenuation..................................................................................................... 22

Table 6 Alien Cable Bundle Crosstalk ............................................................................................ 23

Table 7 End Node Insertion Loss ................................................................................................... 24

Table 8 End Node Return Loss ....................................................................................................... 25

Table 9 Receiver ANEXT ............................................................................................................... 27

Table 10 DC Requirements ............................................................................................................ 28

Table 11 Power Ripple Gain ........................................................................................................... 29

Table 12 Power Over Coax (PoC) Component Values ................................................................... 30

Table 13 Power Over Differential Line (PoDL) Component Values .............................................. 31

Table 14 Alien Cable Bundle Upper PSD Limit ............................................................................. 33

Table 15 Car Noise PSD Limits ..................................................................................................... 34

Table 16 A-Packet Fields Modified by PHY Layer ........................................................................ 40

Table 17 Sub-Constellation Assignment for Original A-Packets ................................................... 45

Table 18 SCI Code Per Assigned Payload Data Sub-Constellation ............................................... 45

Table 19 A-Packet Fields Modified by PHY Layer ........................................................................ 49

Table 20 Downlink Per Gear Max RTS Delay & Retransmission Request Wait ........................... 50

Table 21 Nominal Per Gear RTS Delay Unit ................................................................................. 51

Table 22 Actual Byte Period Consumption Per Gear ..................................................................... 55

Table 23 P1 A-Packet Fields Update .............................................................................................. 57

Table 24 PAM16 Sub-Constellations .............................................................................................. 61

Table 25 Token Data (TD) per Sub-Constellation .......................................................................... 61

Table 26 Symbol / Token Rate and Symbol / Token Period Ratios ................................................ 62

Table 27 Header Sub-Constellation Per sCMax ............................................................................. 63

Table 28 Token Data Scrambling ................................................................................................... 66

Table 29 Scrambler Output Training Bits ....................................................................................... 67

Table 30 PAM-X "K Sequence" Symbol Mapping vs Training Symbols ...................................... 67

Table 31 Idle Bits Allocation .......................................................................................................... 69

Authorized licensed use limited to: Xian Jiaotong University. Downloaded on October 08,2023 at 01:58:08 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

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