.NET框架应用架构指南：设计分布式解决方案

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"Application Architecture for .NET:Designing Applications and Services.pdf" 本文档是针对.NET框架的应用程序和服务架构设计的指导，旨在为应用架构师和开发者提供构建分布式解决方案的策略和建议。如果你负责设计应用程序或服务的高层架构，选择适合特定应用的技术和产品，或者根据功能性和非功能性（操作性）需求做设计决策，那么这份指南对你来说非常有价值。在.NET框架下设计应用架构时，有几个关键知识点需要考虑： 1. **分布式解决方案**：文档将讨论如何利用.NET Framework构建能够跨越多个网络节点运行的系统。这涉及到服务化设计、负载均衡、数据分发以及容错机制等概念。 2. **技术选型**：选择合适的.NET技术和产品对项目成功至关重要。例如，可能会涉及到ASP.NET用于Web应用程序开发，WCF（Windows Communication Foundation）用于服务通信，或者是Entity Framework进行数据访问。 3. **设计决策**：设计过程中需要平衡功能需求和非功能性需求。功能需求通常涉及应用的具体功能，而非功能性需求可能包括性能、安全、可扩展性和可维护性等。 4. **通信机制**：选择正确的通信方式是设计中的重要一环。例如，使用HTTP RESTful API、SOAP Web服务、消息队列（如Azure Service Bus或RabbitMQ）或是直接的TCP/IP连接，需要根据应用的需求和预期的工作负载来决定。 5. **架构模式**：文档可能会涵盖常见的架构模式，如微服务架构、三层架构（表示层、业务逻辑层、数据访问层）、事件驱动架构等，这些模式有助于组织和解耦复杂系统。 6. **最佳实践**：除了理论知识，文档还会提供实际开发过程中的最佳实践，如代码组织、测试策略、持续集成/持续部署（CI/CD）以及错误处理和日志记录。 7. **安全性**：设计阶段需要考虑安全问题，包括身份验证、授权、数据加密以及防止SQL注入和跨站脚本攻击等。 8. **可扩展性和伸缩性**：设计应考虑到未来的增长需求，确保系统能够轻松地添加新功能或处理增加的用户量。 9. **监控和诊断**：为了确保系统的健康运行，需要有适当的监控和诊断工具，以便于及时发现和解决问题。 10. **合规性和版权**：最后，文档可能会强调遵守所有适用的版权法律，以及正确使用微软和其他公司的商标和技术。 "Application Architecture for .NET: Designing Applications and Services"是一份全面的指南，涵盖了.NET框架下构建应用程序和服务所需的关键设计原则、策略和最佳实践。通过深入阅读和理解，开发者和架构师可以更好地规划和实现高质量、可扩展且易于维护的.NET应用。

Application Architecture for .NET: Designing Applications and Services10

What’s Next?

This chapter has introduced you to service based solutions and has explained how

a service, like any other application, is composed of multiple software components

that can be grouped into logical tiers. The components that make up an application

or service can be described in generic terms. An understanding of the different

component types that are commonly used in distributed applications will help you

design better solutions.

Chapter 2, “Designing the Components of an Application or Service,” describes

common component types and provides recommendations on how best to design

them.

Chapter 2: Designing the Components of an Application or Service 13

The component types identified in the sample scenario design are:

1. User interface (UI) components. Most solutions need to provide a way for users

to interact with the application. In the retail application example, a Web site lets

customers view products and submit orders, and an application based on the

Microsoft Windows® operating system lets sales representatives enter order data

for customers who have telephoned the company. User interfaces are imple-

mented using Windows Forms, Microsoft ASP.NET pages, controls, or any other

technology you use to render and format data for users and to acquire and

validate data coming in from them.

2. User process components. In many cases, a user interaction with the system

follows a predictable process. For example, in the retail application you could

implement a procedure for viewing product data that has the user select a

category from a list of available product categories and then select an individual

product in the chosen category to view its details. Similarly, when the user

makes a purchase, the interaction follows a predictable process of gathering data

from the user, in which the user first supplies details of the products to be pur-

chased, then provides payment details, and then enters delivery details. To help

synchronize and orchestrate these user interactions, it can be useful to drive the

process using separate user process components. This way the process flow and

state management logic is not hard-coded in the user interface elements them-

selves, and the same basic user interaction “engine” can be reused by multiple

user interfaces.

3. Business workflows. After the required data is collected by a user process, the

data can be used to perform a business process. For example, after the product,

payment, and delivery details are submitted to the retail application, the process

of taking payment and arranging delivery can begin. Many business processes

involve multiple steps that must be performed in the correct order and orches-

trated. For example, the retail system would need to calculate the total value of

the order, validate the credit card details, process the credit card payment, and

arrange delivery of the goods. This process could take an indeterminate amount

of time to complete, so the required tasks and the data required to perform them

would have to be managed. Business workflows define and coordinate long-

running, multi-step business processes, and they can be implemented using

business process management tools such as BizTalk Server Orchestration.

4. Business components. Regardless of whether a business process consists of a

single step or an orchestrated workflow, your application will probably require

components that implement business rules and perform business tasks. For

example, in the retail application, you would need to implement the functional-

ity that calculates the total price of the goods ordered and adds the appropriate

delivery charge. Business components implement the business logic of the

application.

Application Architecture for .NET: Designing Applications and Services14

Service agents. When a business component needs to use functionality provided

in an external service, you may need to provide some code to manage the seman-

tics of communicating with that particular service. For example, the business

components of the retail application described earlier could use a service agent

to manage communication with the credit card authorization service, and use a

second service agent to handle conversations with the courier service. Service

agents isolate the idiosyncrasies of calling diverse services from your applica-

tion, and can provide additional services, such as basic mapping between the

format of the data exposed by the service and the format your application

requires.

6. Service interfaces. To expose business logic as a service, you must create service

interfaces that support the communication contracts (message-based communi-

cation, formats, protocols, security, exceptions, and so on) its different consumers

require. For example, the credit card authorization service must expose a service

interface that describes the functionality offered by the service and the required

communication semantics for calling it. Service interfaces are sometimes referred

to as business facades.

7. Data access logic components. Most applications and services will need to

access a data store at some point during a business process. For example, the

retail application needs to retrieve product data from a database to display

product details to the user, and it needs to insert order details into the database

when a user places an order. It makes sense to abstract the logic necessary to

access data in a separate layer of data access logic components. Doing so central-

izes data access functionality and makes it easier to configure and maintain.

8. Business entity components: Most applications require data to be passed be-

tween components. For example, in the retail application a list of products must

be passed from the data access logic components to the user interface compo-

nents so that the product list can be displayed to the users. The data is used to

represent real-world business entities, such as products or orders. The business

entities that are used internally in the application are usually data structures,

such as DataSets, DataReaders, or Extensible Markup Language (XML) streams,

but they can also be implemented using custom object-oriented classes that

represent the real-world entities your application has to work with, such as a

product or an order.

9. Components for security, operational management, and communication: Your

application will probably also use components to perform exception manage-

ment, to authorize users to perform certain tasks, and to communicate with other

services and applications. These components are discussed in detail in Chapter 3,

“Security, Operational Management, and Communications Policies.”

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NealXX

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