使用GNU libmicrohttpd在应用中嵌入HTTP服务器

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"libmicrohttpd.pdf - 这是一个关于GNU libmicrohttpd的参考手册，版本0.9.48，适用于嵌入式HTTP(S)服务器的C应用程序库。" GNU libmicrohttpd是一个小型的C语言库，设计用于使在其他应用中运行HTTP服务器变得简单。这个库是GNU项目的一部分，并且遵循GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)。手册涵盖了从2007年到2015年的版权信息，并提供了复制、分发和修改文档的许可，前提是遵循GNU Free Documentation License的条款。手册的内容分为多个章节，详细讲解了如何使用libmicrohttpd库： 1. **介绍**：这部分可能包含了库的基本概念、设计目标和如何开始使用libmicrohttpd的简要说明。 2. **常量**：列举并解释了库中使用的常量，这些常量通常用于配置服务器行为或处理特定状态。 3. **结构体typedef**：详细描述了库中定义的各种结构体，如服务器配置、请求和响应对象等。 4. **回调函数定义**：介绍了用户需要实现的回调函数，这些函数在处理HTTP请求和生成响应时被调用。 5. **启动和停止服务器**：指导用户如何初始化服务器，监听端口，以及在需要时关闭服务器。 6. **实现外部选择**：讨论了如何将libmicrohttpd与自定义的I/O多路复用机制（如select、poll或epoll）集成，以提高性能。 7. **处理请求**：详述了如何解析和响应客户端的HTTP请求，包括GET、POST等方法。 8. **构建响应**：提供了构建HTTP响应报文的方法，包括设置状态码、头部和主体。 9. **流量控制**：讨论了如何管理连接和数据传输速率，以确保服务器的稳定性和性能。 10. **利用认证**：介绍了如何集成基本的HTTP认证或其他身份验证机制，以保护服务器资源。 11. **添加POST处理器**：说明了如何处理POST请求中的数据，例如上传文件或表单数据。 12. **获取和修改状态信息**：提供了获取服务器状态和统计信息的方法，以便监控和调试。 13. **实用函数**：列出了辅助函数，它们可以简化常见的任务，如内存管理、日志记录等。此外，手册还包括了关于GNU LGPL的详细信息，这是libmicrohttpd库的许可协议，确保了代码的开放性和可重用性。通过这份手册，开发者能够深入理解libmicrohttpd的工作原理，并有效地将其集成到自己的C/C++跨平台应用中。

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Chapter 2: Constants 8

accept” norm. It is recommended to turn this ON if you are testing clients

against MHD, and OFF in production.

MHD_USE_POLL

Use poll() instead of select(). This allows sockets with descriptors

>= FD_SETSIZE. This option currently only works in conjunction with

MHD_USE_THREAD_PER_CONNECTION or MHD_USE_INTERNAL_SELECT (at

this point). If you specify MHD_USE_POLL and the local platform does

not support it, MHD_start_daemon will return NULL.

MHD_USE_EPOLL_LINUX_ONLY

Use epoll() instead of poll() or select(). This allows sockets with

descriptors >= FD_SETSIZE. This option is only available on Linux

systems and does not work in conjunction with MHD_USE_THREAD_PER_

CONNECTION (at this point). If you specify MHD_USE_EPOLL_LINUX_ONLY

and the local platform does not support it, MHD_start_daemon will

return NULL. Using epoll() instead of select() or poll() can in

some situations result in signiﬁcantly higher performance as the system

call has fundamentally lower complexity (O(1) for epoll() vs. O(n) for

select()/poll() where n is the number of open connections).

MHD_SUPPRESS_DATE_NO_CLOCK

Suppress (automatically) adding the ’Date:’ header to HTTP responses.

This option should ONLY be used on systems that do not have a clock

and that DO provide other mechanisms for cache control. See also RFC

2616, section 14.18 (exception 3).

MHD_USE_NO_LISTEN_SOCKET

Run the HTTP server without any listen socket. This option only makes

sense if MHD_add_connection is going to be used exclusively to connect

HTTP clients to the HTTP server. This option is incompatible with using

a thread pool; if it is used, MHD_OPTION_THREAD_POOL_SIZE is ignored.

MHD_USE_PIPE_FOR_SHUTDOWN

Force MHD to use a signal pipe to notify the event loop (of threads) of

our shutdown. This is required if an appliction uses MHD_USE_INTERNAL_

SELECT or MHD_USE_THREAD_PER_CONNECTION and then performs MHD_

quiesce_daemon (which eliminates our ability to signal termination via

the listen socket). In these modes, MHD_quiesce_daemon will fail if this

option was not set. Also, use of this option is automatic (as in, you do

not even have to specify it), if MHD_USE_NO_LISTEN_SOCKET is speciﬁed.

In "external" select mode, this option is always simply ignored.

Using this option also guarantees that MHD will not call shutdown() on

the listen socket, which means a parent process can continue to use the

socket.

MHD_USE_SUSPEND_RESUME

Enables using MHD_suspend_connection and MHD_resume_connection,

as performing these calls requires some additional pipes to be created,

and code not using these calls should not pay the cost.

Chapter 2: Constants 9

MHD_USE_TCP_FASTOPEN

Enable TCP FASTOPEN on the listen socket. TCP FASTOPEN is cur-

rently supported on Linux >= 3.6. On other systems using this option

with cause MHD_start_daemon to fail.

[Enumeration]MHD_OPTION

MHD options. Passed in the varargs portion of MHD_start_daemon().

MHD_OPTION_END

No more options / last option. This is used to terminate the VARARGs

list.

MHD_OPTION_CONNECTION_MEMORY_LIMIT

Maximum memory size per connection (followed by a size_t). The de-

fault is 32 kB (32*1024 bytes) as deﬁned by the internal constant MHD_

POOL_SIZE_DEFAULT. Values above 128k are unlikely to result in much

beneﬁt, as half of the memory will be typically used for IO, and TCP

buﬀers are unlikely to support window sizes above 64k on most systems.

MHD_OPTION_CONNECTION_MEMORY_INCREMENT

Increment to use for growing the read buﬀer (followed by a size_t). The

default is 1024 (bytes). Increasing this value will make MHD use memory

for reading more aggressively, which can reduce the number of recvfrom

calls but may increase the number of sendto calls. The given value must

ﬁt within MHD OPTION CONNECTION MEMORY LIMIT.

MHD_OPTION_CONNECTION_LIMIT

Maximum number of concurrent connections to accept (followed by an

unsigned int). The default is FD_SETSIZE - 4 (the maximum number

of ﬁle descriptors supported by select minus four for stdin, stdout,

stderr and the server socket). In other words, the default is as large as

possible.

Note that if you set a low connection limit, you can easily get into trouble

with browsers doing request pipelining. For example, if your connection

limit is “1”, a browser may open a ﬁrst connection to access your “in-

dex.html” ﬁle, keep it open but use a second connection to retrieve CSS

ﬁles, images and the like. In fact, modern browsers are typically by de-

fault conﬁgured for up to 15 parallel connections to a single server. If this

happens, MHD will refuse to even accept the second connection until the

ﬁrst connection is closed — which does not happen until timeout. As a

result, the browser will fail to render the page and seem to hang. If you

expect your server to operate close to the connection limit, you should

ﬁrst consider using a lower timeout value and also possibly add a “Con-

nection: close” header to your response to ensure that request pipelining

is not used and connections are closed immediately after the request has

completed:

MHD_add_response_header (response,

MHD_HTTP_HEADER_CONNECTION,

"close");

Chapter 2: Constants 10

MHD_OPTION_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT

After how many seconds of inactivity should a connection automatically

be timed out? (followed by an unsigned int; use zero for no timeout).

The default is zero (no timeout).

MHD_OPTION_NOTIFY_COMPLETED

been completed (this can be used for application-speciﬁc clean up).

Requests that have never been presented to the application (via

MHD_AccessHandlerCallback()) will not result in notiﬁcations.

This option should be followed by TWO pointers. First a pointer to

a function of type MHD_RequestCompletedCallback() and second a

pointer to a closure to pass to the request completed callback. The

second pointer maybe NULL.

MHD_OPTION_NOTIFY_CONNECTION

client is opened or closed. Note that MHD_OPTION_NOTIFY_COMPLETED

and the con_cls argument to the MHD_AccessHandlerCallback are per

HTTP request (and there can be multiple HTTP requests per TCP

connection). The registered callback is called twice per TCP connection,

with MHD_CONNECTION_NOTIFY_STARTED and MHD_CONNECTION_NOTIFY_

CLOSED respectively. An additional argument can be used to store

TCP connection speciﬁc information, which can be retrieved using

MHD_CONNECTION_INFO_SOCKET_CONTEXT during the lifetime of the

TCP connection. The respective location is not the same as the

HTTP-request-speciﬁc con_cls from the MHD_AccessHandlerCallback.

This option should be followed by TWO pointers. First a pointer to

a function of type MHD_NotifyConnectionCallback() and second a

pointer to a closure to pass to the request completed callback. The

second pointer maybe NULL.

MHD_OPTION_PER_IP_CONNECTION_LIMIT

Limit on the number of (concurrent) connections made to the server from

the same IP address. Can be used to prevent one IP from taking over all

of the allowed connections. If the same IP tries to establish more than

the speciﬁed number of connections, they will be immediately rejected.

The option should be followed by an unsigned int. The default is zero,

which means no limit on the number of connections from the same IP

address.

MHD_OPTION_SOCK_ADDR

Bind daemon to the supplied socket address. This option should be

followed by a struct sockaddr *. If MHD_USE_IPv6 is speciﬁed, the

struct sockaddr* should point to a struct sockaddr_in6, otherwise

to a struct sockaddr_in. If this option is not speciﬁed, the daemon will

listen to incoming connections from anywhere. If you use this option, the

’port’ argument from MHD_start_daemon is ignored and the port from

the given struct sockaddr * will be used instead.

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