Validity of scalar diffraction theory and effective
medium theory for analysis of a blazed grating
microstructure at oblique incidence
Dongsheng Ruan,
1
Lin Zhu,
1
Xufeng Jing,
1,
* Ying Tian,
2
Le Wang,
1
and Shangzhong Jin
1
1
Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
2
College of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
*Corresponding author: jingxufeng@cjlu.edu.cn
Received 23 December 2013; revised 28 February 2014; accepted 3 March 2014;
posted 5 March 2014 (Doc. ID 203619); published 4 April 2014
The accuracy of scalar diffraction theory (SDT) and effective medium theory (EMT) for analyzing a blazed
grating is quantitatively demonstrated by making a comparison of diffraction efficiencies calculated by
the two simplified methods to exact results from the Fourier modal method (FMM). It is found that when
the normalized period is more than fivefold wavelength of incident light at normal incidence and is more
than about tenfold wavelength at larger incident angle, SDT can be used to easily analyze effectively the
transmittance characteristics of a blazed grating with divergence less than 1%. Particularly, for zeroth-
order diffraction when the groove depth is less than threefold wavelength, the transmittance calculated
by SDT with refractive index of 1.5 and normalized period of 5.0 agrees well with that of FMM at normal
incidence. But, for 1 orders, the validity of SDT is degraded from that for zeroth order. Generally, the
deviation of transmittances between the SDT and the FMM increases as the incident angle and refractive
index augment. Furthermore, when higher diffraction orders other than zeroth order are not propagat-
ing, the EMT is valid to evaluate the transmittance of a blazed grating at normal incidence. Similarly, the
error of transmittances between the EMT and the FMM increases with the increase of incident angle and
refractive index. The effectiveness of the SDT and the EMT for analyzing a blazed grating in the range of
the normalized period far more than and less than the wavelength of incident light, respectively, is
dependent on the parameters including incident angle, refractive index, normalized period, and
normalized groove depth. © 2014 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: (050.0050) Diffraction and gratings; (050.1380) Binary optics; (050.1950) Diffraction
gratings; (050.1960) Diffraction theory; (050.2065) Effective medium theory.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.002357
1. Introduction
It is known that a blazed grating is widely applied in
diffractive optical elements (DOEs) [
1,2]. With the
advances in the technologies of microphotolithogra-
phy, the feature size of a blazed grating can be manu-
factured in the subwavelength region, in which
rigorous vector theories such as the Fourier modal
method (FMM) [
3–5], rigorous-coupled wave analysis
(RCWA) [
6], the true modal method (TMM), the coor-
dinate transformation method (C-method), and the
finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [
7]
must be used to calculate the diffraction efficiency
of a grating. However, these rigorous vector diffrac-
tion methods are difficult to use because they are
computationally intensive. Fortunately, the scalar
diffraction theory (SDT) and effective medium theory
(EMT) can be effectively applied in analysis of dif-
fraction properties. In general, the SDT can be used
1559-128X/14/112357-09$15.00/0
© 2014 Optical Society of America
10 April 2014 / Vol. 53, No. 11 / APPLIED OPTICS 2357