Python驱动的物联网实战指南

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"Internet of Things with Python" 本书是专为Python开发者设计的，旨在帮助他们利用Python语言快速原型并实践物联网（IoT）应用。无论是在可穿戴技术、智能环境还是家庭自动化领域，这本书都能提升你的IoT技能。它也适用于其他编程语言有经验的开发者，特别是那些想要用Intel Galileo Gen 2板快速原型IoT应用的人。在本书中，你将学习如何： 1. 从零开始构建和开发IoT解决方案，利用Python作为编程语言。 2. 使用Intel Galileo Gen 2板开发IoT项目，并与Python结合工作。 3. 掌握MRAA库，与板上的不同组件交互，包括传感器、执行器和屏蔽设备。 4. 学习如何与支持I2C总线的任何电子设备进行交互。 5. 实现移动设备与板之间的互动，允许通过WiFi、蓝牙和互联网设置连接你的IoT设备。 6. 通过Python使用MQTT协议实现实时IoT设备操作。 7. 理解大数据和IoT分析，探索如何处理和分析物联网产生的海量数据。本书采用教程式的风格，以关键章节的形式逐步引导读者。初期章节介绍基础知识，为后续章节中的实用示例奠定基础。随着阅读的深入，你不仅会学会如何处理从传感器接收到的数据，还能根据需要向特定屏蔽设备发送指令，实现IoT设备与全球的连接。通过本书，你将能够掌握使用Python、库和工具开发IoT原型的方法，从而成为物联网领域的专业人士。无论是对硬件的控制，还是与云服务的实时交互，你都将具备相应的能力，以应对不断发展的物联网世界。

[ v ]

Preface

Internet of Things, also known as IoT, is changing the way we live and represents

one of the biggest challenges in the IT industry. Developers are creating low-

cost devices that collect huge amounts of data, interact with each other, and take

advantage of cloud services and cloud-based storage. Makers all over the world are

working on fascinating projects that transform everyday objects into smart devices

with sensors and actuators.

A coffee cup is not a simple object anymore—it can send a message to your

smartwatch indicating that the liquid inside has the right temperature so that you

can drink it without worrying about checking whether it is too hot. In case you move

the coffee cup before you receive the message, your wearable vibrates to indicate that

you don't have to drink it yet.

You can check the coffee level of the coffee dispenser in your smartphone, and

you won't have to worry about ordering more coffee: the coffee dispenser will

automatically place an online order to request coffee when the coffee level is not

enough to cover the rest of the day. You just need to approve the online order that

the coffee dispenser suggests from your smartwatch. Based on certain statistical

algorithms, the coffee dispenser will know the appropriate time to make the order.

What happens when more usual visitors arrive at the ofce? Their smartwatches

or smartphones will communicate with the coffee dispensers and they will place

orders in case the probable consumption of decaffeinated coffee increases too much.

We have smart coffee cups, smart coffee dispensers, smartwatches, smartphones,

and wearables. All of them take advantage of the cloud to create a smart ecosystem

capable of providing us with all the different types of coffees we need for our day.

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Preface

[ vi ]

The Intel Galileo Gen 2 board is an extremely powerful and versatile minicomputer

board for IoT projects. We can boot a Linux version and easily execute Python scripts

that can interact with the different components included on the board. This book will

teach you to develop IoT prototypes, from selecting the hardware to all the necessary

stacks with Python 2.7.3, its libraries, and tools. In case you need a smaller board or

an alternative, all the examples included in the book are compatible with Intel Edison

boards, and therefore, you can switch to this board in case you need to.

Python is one of the most popular programming languages. It is open source,

multiplatform, and you can use it to develop any kind of application, from websites

to extremely complex scientic computing applications. There is always a Python

package that makes things easier for us in order to avoid reinventing the wheel and

solve problems faster. Python is an ideal choice for developing a complete IoT stack.

This book covers all the things you need to know to transform everyday objects into

IoT projects.

This book will allow you to prototype and develop IoT solutions from scratch with

Python as the programming language. You will leverage your existing Python

knowledge to capture data from the real world, interact with physical objects,

develop APIs, and use different IoT protocols. You will use specic libraries to easily

work with low-level hardware, sensors, actuators, buses, and displays. You will learn

how to take advantage of all the Python packages with the Intel Galileo Gen 2 board.

You will be ready to become a maker and to be a part of the exciting IoT world.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Understanding and Setting up the Base IoT Hardware, start us off on our

journey towards Internet of Things (IoT) with Python and the Intel Galileo Gen 2

board. We will learn the different features offered by this board and visualize its

different components. We will understand the meaning of the different pins, LEDs,

and connectors. We will learn to check the board's rmware version and to update

if necessary.

Chapter 2, Working with Python on Intel Galileo Gen 2, leads us through many

procedures that make it possible to work with Python as the main programming

language to create IoT projects with our Intel Galileo Gen 2 board. We will write a

Linux Yocto image to a microSD card, congure the board to make it boot this image,

update many libraries to use their latest versions, and launch the Python interpreter.

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Preface

[ vii ]

Chapter 3, Interacting with Digital Outputs with Python, teaches us how to work with

two different libraries to control digital outputs in Python: mraa and wiring-x86. We

will connect LEDs and resistors to a breadboard and write code to turn on between

0 to 9 LEDs. Then, we will improve our Python code to take advantage of Python's

object-oriented features, and we will prepare the code to make it easy to build an API

that will allow us to print numbers with LEDs with a REST API.

Chapter 4, Working with a RESTful API and Pulse Width Modulation, has us working

with Tornado Web Server, Python, the HTTPie command-line HTTP client, and the

mraa and wiring-x86 libraries. We will generate many versions of RESTful APIs that

will allow us to interact with the board in computers and devices connected to the

LAN. We will be able to compose and send HTTP requests that print numbers in

LEDs, change the brightness levels for three LEDs, and generate millions of colors

with an RGB LED.

Chapter 5, Working with Digital Inputs, Polling and Interrupts, explains the difference

between reading pushbutton statuses with polling and working with interrupts and

interrupt handlers. We will write code that will allow the user to perform the same

actions with either pushbuttons in the breadboard or HTTP requests. We will combine

code that reacts to changes in the statuses of the pushbuttons with a RESTful API built

with Tornado Web Server. We will create classes to encapsulate pushbuttons and the

necessary congurations with the mraa and wiring-x86 libraries.

Chapter 6, Working with Analog Inputs and Local Storage, explains how to work with

analog inputs to measure voltage values. We will measure voltages with an analog

pin and both the mraa and the wiring-x86 libraries. We will be able to transform a

variable resistor into a voltage source and make it possible to measure the darkness

level with an analog input, a photoresistor, and a voltage divider. We will re actions

when the environment light changes, and we will work with both analog inputs and

outputs. We will register events by taking advantage of the logging features included

in the Python standard library and the USB 2.0 connector included in the Intel

Galileo Gen 2 board.

Chapter 7, Retrieving Data From the Real World with Sensors, has us working with a

variety of sensors to retrieve data from the real world. We will take advantage of

the modules and classes included in the upm library that will make it easy for us

to start working with analog and digital sensors. We will learn the importance of

considering units of measurement because sensors always provide values measured

in a specic unit, which we must consider. We will measure the magnitude and

direction of proper acceleration or g-force, ambient temperature, and humidity.

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Preface

[ viii ]

Chapter 8, Displaying Information and Performing Actions, teaches us about different

displays the we can connect to our board through the I

C bus. We will work with an

LCD display with an RGB backlight, and we will then replace it with an OLED dot

matrix. We will write code that takes advantage of the modules and classes included

in the upm library to work with LCD and OLED displays and show text on them.

We will also write code that interacts with an analog servo. We will control the shaft

to allow us to create a gauge chart to display the temperature value retrieved with a

sensor. Our Python code will make things move.

Chapter 9, Working with the Cloud, teaches you how to combine many cloud-based

services that will allow us to easily publish data collected from sensors and visualize

it in a web-based dashboard. We will work with the MQTT protocol and its

publish/subscribe model to process commands in our board and indicate when the

commands are successfully processed through messages. First, we will work with the

PubNub cloud that works with the MQTT protocol under the hood. Then, we will

develop the same example with Mosquitto and Eclipse Paho. We will be able to write

applications that can establish bidirectional communications with our IoT devices.

Chapter 10, Analyzing Huge Amounts of Data with Cloud-based IoT Analytics, explains

the close relationship between IoT and Big Data. We will work with Intel IoT

Analytics, a cloud-based service that allows us to organize huge amounts of data

collected by multiple IoT devices and their sensors. We will use the requests package

to write a few lines of Python code to interact with the Intel IoT Analytics REST API.

We will learn about the different options that Intel IoT Analytics offers us to analyze

huge amounts of data, and we will dene rules to trigger alerts.

What you need for this book

In order to work with the different tools required to connect to the Intel Galileo Gen

2 board and launch the Python samples, you will need any computer with an Intel

Core i3 or higher CPU and at least 4 GB of RAM. You can work with any of the

following operating systems:

• Windows 7 or higher (Windows 8, Windows 8.1, or Windows 10)

• Mac OS X Mountain Lion or higher

• Any Linux version capable of running Python 2.7.x

• Any modern browser with JavaScript support.

You will also need an Intel Galileo Gen 2 board and a breadboard with 830 tie points

(holes for connections) and 2 power lanes.

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linciggy

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