AT&T的UNIX操作系统设计权威PDF版

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"The Design of the UNIX Operating System" 是一本由 Maurice J. Bach 撰写的经典书籍，详尽地介绍了UNIX操作系统的内部设计和实现原理。这本书是操作系统领域的权威参考资料，特别适合对操作系统原理感兴趣的学者、学生以及专业开发人员。在书中，作者深入探讨了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **操作系统概念**：首先，书本会介绍操作系统的基本概念，包括其在计算机系统中的角色，如何管理硬件资源，以及提供给用户的接口和服务。 2. **进程管理**：详细阐述了进程的生命周期，进程间通信（IPC），调度策略，以及死锁的预防和检测。UNIX操作系统中的多任务执行模型，如 fork 和 exec 系统调用，也会有详细讲解。 3. **内存管理**：涵盖了虚拟内存的概念，页面替换算法，内存分配与回收机制，以及如何实现内存保护，防止不同进程间的相互干扰。 4. **文件系统**：深入解析了UNIX文件系统的结构，包括i节点，目录的实现，文件的存储方式，以及磁盘I/O管理。同时，还会讨论文件权限和访问控制列表。 5. **设备管理**：介绍了设备驱动程序的工作原理，I/O子系统的设计，以及如何通过中断处理来协调CPU和外设的交互。 6. **网络与通信**：由于UNIX在早期就对网络支持良好，书中可能涉及TCP/IP协议栈，套接字编程，以及网络服务的实现。 7. **UNIX工具和命令**：讲解了常用UNIX命令的使用，如grep、awk、sed等，并阐述了shell脚本编程，以及如何利用这些工具进行系统管理和自动化任务。 8. **系统调用接口**：描述了UNIX系统调用的层次结构，以及如何通过系统调用来实现用户级程序对操作系统功能的访问。 9. **程序编译与链接**：涉及到UNIX下的编译器工具链，如cc、as、ld等，以及如何编译和链接程序以运行在UNIX系统上。 10. **错误处理和调试**：讨论了错误报告机制，核心转储，以及如何调试运行中的程序。这本书的英文版提供了对UNIX操作系统深入的理解，对于想要了解操作系统的内部运作原理的人来说是一份宝贵的资料。虽然出版于1986年，但很多基本设计思想和原理在现代操作系统中仍然适用。

GENERAL OVERVIEW

OF THE

SYSTEM

The UNIX

system has become quite popular since its inception

in 1969,

running

machines of

varying processing

power

from microprocessors to mainframes

and

providing a

common execution environment across them.

The

system is divided

into two

parts. The

first

part

consists

programs

and services

that

have made the

UNIX

system environment so

popular;

it is

the part

readily

apparent

to users,

including such programs

as the

shell, mail,

text processing

packages, and source

code

control systems.

The second part

consists

of the

operating system that

supports

these programs

and services. This book

gives

detailed

description of the

operating system. It concentrates

on a description of UNIX

System V produced by

AT&T

but

considers interesting features provided by other

versions

too. It

examines the major data structures and

algorithms used

in the

operating system

that ultimately provide users with

the standard user interface.

This

chapter provides

an introduction

the UNIX

system. It reviews its

history

and

outlines

the

overall system

structure. The

next chapter gives

a more

detailed

introduction

the

operating system.

1.1

HISTORY

In 1965, Bell

Telephone Laboratories joined

an effort

with

the

General Electric

Company and

Project

MAC of the Massachusetts

Institute

Technology to



GENERAL OVERVIEW

OF THE

SYSTEM

develop

new operating system called

Multics [Organick 72

The goals of the

Multics

system were to provide simultaneous

computer

access to

a large

community

users, to supply

ample computation

power and data

storage,

and

to allow users to

share their

data

easily,

desired. Many

people

who later took

part in the

early

development

of the

UNIX

system participated

in the

Multics

work at

Bell

Laboratories. Although

a primitive version of the

Multics

system was running

on a

645

computer by

1969,

it did not provide

the general

service

computing

for

which it was intended, nor was it clear when its development

goals

would be

met.

Consequently,

Bell

Laboratories ended its

participation in the project.

With

the end of

their work

on the

Multics

project,

members

of the

Computing

Science Research

Center at

Bell

Laboratories were left without

"convenient

interactive computing

service"

[Ritchie

84a

In an

attempt to improve their

programming environment,

Ken

Thompson, Dennis Ritchie,

and

others sketched

paper

design of a file

system that later evolved into

early

version of the

UNIX

file

system. Thompson wrote programs that simulated

the

behavior

of the

proposed

file

system

and of

programs

in a

demand-paging environment,

and

he even encoded

a simple

kernel

for the GE

645

computer. At the

same

time,

he wrote

game

program,

"Space

Travel," in Fortran for a

GECOS

system

(the

Honeywell

635),

but the

program was unsatisfactory because it was difficult to control

the

"space

ship"

and the

program was expensive to

run.

Thompson later found

little-used

PDP-7

computer

that provided good graphic display

and

cheap executing

power.

Programming "Space

Travel" for the

PDP-7

enabled Thompson to learn

about the

machine, but

its environment

for

program development required cross-assembly

the

program

on the

GECOS

machine and

carrying paper

tape for input

the

PDP-7.

To create

better development environment, Thompson

and

Ritchie

implemented their system

design on the

PDP-7,

including

early

version of the

UNIX

file system,

the

process subsystem,

and a

small

set of

utility programs.

Eventually,

the

new system

no longer

needed the

GECOS

system

as a

development

environment

but

could

support

itself. The

new system was given

the

name

UNIX,

a pun

on the

name

Multics

coined by another member

of the

Computing

Science

Research Center, Brian

Kernighan.

Although this early

version of the

UNIX

system held much

promise,

it could

not realize its potential until it was used

in a

real project. Thus, while providing

text processing system

for the patent

department at

Bell Laboratories,

the

UNIX

system was moved to

PDP-11

1971.

The

system was characterized by its small

size:

16K

bytes for the

system,

bytes for user

programs,

disk

of 512K

bytes,

and a

limit of

64K bytes per

file. After its early

success,

Thompson

set out

implement

a Fortran compiler for the

new system,

but

instead

came

up with

the

language

influenced by

BCPL

[Richards

691 B

was

interpretive language

with

the performance

drawbacks implied by such languages, so Ritchie developed it

into

one

he called

allowing generation

of machine code,

declaration

of data

types, and

definition

of data structures. In

1973,

the

operating system was

rewritten

unheard

step at

the time, but one

that was to

have

tremendous

impact on

its acceptance among outside users.

The

number

of installations

Bell

1.1



HISTORY



Laboratories grew to

about 25, and a UNIX

Systems Group was formed to provide

internal

support.

this

time,

AT&T could not

market computer products because

of a 1956

Consent

Decree it had signed with

the

Federal government,

but

it provided

the

UNIX

system to universities who requested it

for

educational purposes. AT&T

neither advertised, marketed, nor supported

the

system,

adherence to

the

terms

of the Consent

Decree. Nevertheless,

the

system's popularity steadily increased.

1974,

Thompson

and

Ritchie published

paper describing

the UNIX

system

in the

Communications of the

ACM [Thompson 74], giving further impetus to its

acceptance. By 1977,

the number

UNIX system

sites

had grown to about 500,

which 125 were

universities. UNIX systems became popular

in the

operating

telephone companies, providing

good environment

for

program development,

network

transaction operations

services, and

real-time

services

(via MERT

[Lycklama 78a]). Licenses

of UNIX

systems were provided to

commercial

institutions as

well

universities.

In 1977, Interactive

Systems

Corporation

became

the

first

Value

Added Reseller (VAR)'

of a UNIX

system, enhancing it

for use in office automation environments. 1977 also marked

the

year that

the

UNIX

system was first "ported" to

a non-PDP machine

(that

is, made

to run

another

machine

with few

or no changes), the lnterdata 8/32.

With

the

growing popularity

microprocessors, other companies ported

the

UNIX

system to new

machines, but

its simplicity

and

clarity tempted many

developers to enhance it

their own way,

resulting

several

variants of the basic

system.

In the

period from 1977 to 1982,

Bell

Laboratories combined several

AT&T

variants

into

a single

system, known commercially

as UNIX

System

III.

Bell

Laboratories later added several features to UNIX System

III,

calling

the

new

product UNIX System V,

and

AT&T announced official

support for

System V

January 1983. However,

people

the University of

California at

Berkeley

had

developed

a variant

the UNIX

system,

the

most recent

version of

which is called

4.3 BSD

for

VAX

machines,

providing some

new,

interesting features.

This book

will concentrate

on the description of UNIX

System V

and

will occasionally talk

about

features provided

in the BSD

system.

the

beginning

of 1984, there were about 100,000 UNIX system

installations

in the

world, running

on machines

with

wide

range of

computing

power

from

microprocessors to mainframes

and on machines

across different manufacturers'

product lines.

other operating system can make that claim. Several reasons

have

been suggested for the

popularity

and

success

of the UNIX

system.

Value

Added

Resellers

add specific

applications to

a computer

system to satisfy

particular

market.

They

market the applications

rather than the

operating system upon which they

run.

What happened to System

IV? An

internal

version of the

system evolved into System



GENERAL OVERVIEW

OF THE

SYSTEM

•

The

system is written

in a

high-level language, making it easy to read,

understand,

change, and

move to other

machines.

Ritchie estimates that

the

first system

was

percent

larger

and

slower because it was not

written

assembly language,

but the

advantages of using

higher-level

language

far

outweigh

the

disadvantages (see

page

1965

[Ritchie

780.

•

It has

a simple user interface

that has

the power

to provide

the services

that

users want.

•

It provides

primitives

that

permit

complex programs to be built from simpler

programs.

•

uses a

hierarchical

file

system that allows easy

maintenance and efficient

implementation.

•

uses a consistent format for files, the byte

stream, making

application

programs easier to write.

•

It provides

a simple, consistent interface

to peripheral devices.

•

It is

multi-user,

multiprocess

system; each

user

can execute several processes

simultaneously.

•

It hides

the machine architecture

from

the user,

making it easier to write

programs that run

different

hardware

implementations.

The

philosophy

simplicity

and

consistency underscores

the

UNIX

system

and

accounts

for

many

of the

reasons cited above.

Although

the

operating system

and

many

of the command

programs

are

written

C, UNIX

systems

support

other languages, including

Fortran, Basic, Pascal,

Ada, Cobol, Lisp, and Prolog. The

UNIX

system can

support

any language that

has

a compiler or

interpreter

and a

system

interface

that maps

user

requests

for

operating system

services

the standard set of

requests used

UNIX

systems.

1.2

SYSTEM

STRUCTURE

Figure

1.1

depicts

the

high-level

architecture of the

UNIX

system.

The hardware

the

center

of the

diagram provides

the

operating system with

basic services

that

will be described in Section

1.5.

The

operating system interacts

directly

with

the

hardware,

providing common

services

to programs

and

insulating them from

hardware idiosyncrasies.

Viewing

the

system

as a set of

layers,

the

operating

system is commonly called

the

system kernel,

just

the

kernel, emphasizing its

some implementations

of the

UNIX

system,

the

operating system interacts with

a native

operating

system that,

in turn,

interacts with

the

underlying

hardware and

provides necessary

services

to the

system. Such

configurations allow

installations

to run other operating systems

and

their applications

parallel to

the

UNIX

system.

The

classic example

such

configuration is

the

MERT

system

[Lycklama 78a

recent configurations include implementations

for

IBM System/370

computers [Felton

and for

UNIVAC 1100

Series

computers

[Bodenstab 841.

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