Linux命令行基础教程

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"《Linux命令行》第二版网络版" 《Linux命令行》是William E. Shotts, Jr.撰写的一本详细介绍Linux命令行知识的书籍。该书基于创作共享非商业性无衍生作品3.0美国许可协议，允许读者在遵守相应条款的情况下自由使用和分享。Linux是Linus Torvalds注册的商标，而本书则是LinuxCommand.org项目的一部分，该项目致力于帮助使用旧操作系统的人过渡到Linux平台。本书内容涵盖了广泛的Linux命令行知识，包括但不限于： 1. **命令行基础**：解释了如何启动和退出shell，以及基本的命令行语法，如路径、文件和目录操作，以及如何使用Tab补全功能。 2. **文本编辑器**：介绍了经典的文本编辑器Vim和Nano，它们在命令行环境中的使用方法和基本操作。 3. **文件和目录管理**：详述了ls、cd、mv、cp、rm等命令，用于浏览、切换目录、移动、复制和删除文件。 4. **进程管理**：讲解了ps、top、kill等命令，用于查看和控制运行的进程。 5. **包管理和软件安装**：介绍了apt-get、yum等包管理工具，用于安装、更新和卸载软件。 6. **系统和网络监控**：讲解了如何使用ifconfig、netstat、ping等命令来检查网络状态和系统性能。 7. **脚本编程**：阐述了Bash shell脚本编写的基础，包括变量、条件语句、循环和函数。 8. **正则表达式**：介绍了用于文本匹配和搜索的正则表达式及其在命令行中的应用，如grep、sed和awk。 9. **调试和错误处理**：讲解了如何查找和解决命令行中的错误，以及使用man命令获取命令的帮助文档。 10. **版本控制系统**：简述了Git的基本用法，这对于协作开发和版本管理至关重要。本书的最新版本为13.07，发布于2013年7月6日，而其第一版互联网版则在2009年12月14日发布。除了网络版，该书还由NoStarchPress出版了纸质版，并提供了多种电子阅读器格式。通过学习本书，无论是初学者还是有经验的用户，都能深入理解Linux命令行的强大功能，提升在终端中的操作效率，更好地掌握Linux系统。

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Introduction

I want to tell you a story.

No, not the story of how, in 1991, Linus Torvalds wrote the first version of the Linux ker-

nel. You can read that story in lots of Linux books. Nor am I going to tell you the story of

how, some years earlier, Richard Stallman began the GNU Project to create a free Unix-

like operating system. That's an important story too, but most other Linux books have that

one, as well.

No, I want to tell you the story of how you can take back control of your computer.

When I began working with computers as a college student in the late 1970s, there was a

revolution going on. The invention of the microprocessor had made it possible for ordi-

nary people like you and me to actually own a computer. It's hard for many people today

to imagine what the world was like when only big business and big government ran all

the computers. Let's just say, you couldn't get much done.

Today, the world is very different. Computers are everywhere, from tiny wristwatches to

giant data centers to everything in between. In addition to ubiquitous computers, we also

have a ubiquitous network connecting them together. This has created a wondrous new

age of personal empowerment and creative freedom, but over the last couple of decades

something else has been happening. A few giant corporations have been imposing their

control over most of the world's computers and deciding what you can and cannot do

with them. Fortunately, people from all over the world are doing something about it. They

are fighting to maintain control of their computers by writing their own software. They

are building Linux.

Many people speak of “freedom” with regard to Linux, but I don't think most people

know what this freedom really means. Freedom is the power to decide what your com-

puter does, and the only way to have this freedom is to know what your computer is do-

ing. Freedom is a computer that is without secrets, one where everything can be known if

you care enough to find out.

Why Use The Command Line?

Have you ever noticed in the movies when the “super hacker,”—you know, the guy who

can break into the ultra-secure military computer in under thirty seconds— sits down at

the computer, he never touches a mouse? It's because movie makers realize that we, as

human beings, instinctively know the only way to really get anything done on a computer

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is by typing on a keyboard!

Most computer users today are only familiar with the graphical user interface (GUI) and

have been taught by vendors and pundits that the command line interface (CLI) is a terri-

fying thing of the past. This is unfortunate, because a good command line interface is a

marvelously expressive way of communicating with a computer in much the same way

the written word is for human beings. It's been said that “graphical user interfaces make

easy tasks easy, while command line interfaces make difficult tasks possible” and this is

still very true today.

Since Linux is modeled after the Unix family of operating systems, it shares the same

rich heritage of command line tools as Unix. Unix came into prominence during the early

1980s (although it was first developed a decade earlier), before the widespread adoption

of the graphical user interface and, as a result, developed an extensive command line in-

terface instead. In fact, one of the strongest reasons early adopters of Linux chose it over,

say, Windows NT was the powerful command line interface which made the “difficult

tasks possible.”

What This Book Is About

This book is a broad overview of “living” on the Linux command line. Unlike some

books that concentrate on just a single program, such as the shell program, bash, this

book will try to convey how to get along with the command line interface in a larger

sense. How does it all work? What can it do? What's the best way to use it?

This is not a book about Linux system administration. While any serious discussion of

the command line will invariably lead to system administration topics, this book only

touches on a few administration issues. It will, however, prepare the reader for additional

study by providing a solid foundation in the use of the command line, an essential tool for

any serious system administration task.

This book is very Linux-centric. Many other books try to broaden their appeal by in-

cluding other platforms such as generic Unix and OS X. In doing so, they “water down”

their content to feature only general topics. This book, on the other hand, only covers

contemporary Linux distributions. Ninety-five percent of the content is useful for users of

other Unix-like systems, but this book is highly targeted at the modern Linux command

line user.

Who Should Read This Book

This book is for new Linux users who have migrated from other platforms. Most likely

you are a “power user” of some version of Microsoft Windows. Perhaps your boss has

told you to administer a Linux server, or maybe you're just a desktop user who is tired of

all the security problems and want to give Linux a try. That's fine. All are welcome here.

That being said, there is no shortcut to Linux enlightenment. Learning the command line

is challenging and takes real effort. It's not that it's so hard, but rather it's so vast. The av-

xvii

erage Linux system has literally thousands of programs you can employ on the command

line. Consider yourself warned; learning the command line is not a casual endeavor.

On the other hand, learning the Linux command line is extremely rewarding. If you think

you're a “power user” now, just wait. You don't know what real power is—yet. And, un -

like many other computer skills, knowledge of the command line is long lasting. The

skills learned today will still be useful ten years from now. The command line has sur-

vived the test of time.

It is also assumed that you have no programming experience, but not to worry, we'll start

you down that path as well.

What's In This Book

This material is presented in a carefully chosen sequence, much like a tutor sitting next to

you guiding you along. Many authors treat this material in a “systematic” fashion, which

makes sense from a writer’s perspective, but can be very confusing to new users.

Another goal is to acquaint you with the Unix way of thinking, which is different from

the Windows way of thinking. Along the way, we'll go on a few side trips to help you un-

derstand why certain things work the way they do and how they got that way. Linux is

not just a piece of software, it's also a small part of the larger Unix culture, which has its

own language and history. I might throw in a rant or two, as well.

This book is divided into four parts, each covering some aspect of the command line ex-

perience:

● Part 1 – Learning The Shell starts our exploration of the basic language of the

command line including such things as the structure of commands, file system

navigation, command line editing, and finding help and documentation for com-

mands.

● Part 2 – Configuration And The Environment covers editing configuration

files that control the computer's operation from the command line.

● Part 3 – Common Tasks And Essential Tools explores many of the ordinary

tasks that are commonly performed from the command line. Unix-like operating

systems, such as Linux, contain many “classic” command line programs that are

used to perform powerful operations on data.

● Part 4 – Writing Shell Scripts introduces shell programming, an admittedly

rudimentary, but easy to learn, technique for automating many common comput-

ing tasks. By learning shell programming, you will become familiar with concepts

that can be applied to many other programming languages.

How To Read This Book

Start at the beginning of the book and follow it to the end. It isn’t written as a reference

work, it's really more like a story with a beginning, middle, and an end.

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